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Many individuals still harbor attitudes of racism towards Indigenous People, forcing them into the margins of society. They are painted in a negative light, instead of being recognized for their achievements. Indigenous Peoples have made major contributions to the economy of Canada, in addition to sharing their beliefs and inventions. Aboriginal people are not acknowledged for their substantial contributions to Canadian society, at least not to the degree that is deserved. There is a fair amount of qualitative research written about Indigenous Peoples, so why have their efforts not received merit? Perhaps it is due to contemporary ethnocentric attitudes, but it is quite possible that this ignorance is caused from lack of knowledge on the subject. Many individuals simply do not know about the economic, innovational, and philosophical elements that Indigenous people have contributed to past and present Canadian society. Not long after the Europeans began travelling to Canada, they discovered the country was rich and prosperous with fish and other land animals. There was particular interest in the beaver, as it had the right type of fur to make felt hats, a big demand back in Europe as the hats had become increasingly fashionable. The Europeans learned that the Aboriginal Peoples had access to these types of fur, and this initiated a trade system between them. The Aboriginal Peoples would hunt and trap the beavers to harvest their furs, and would then trade them with the Europeans for other goods and commodities. This is what is universally known as the fur trade, and the establishment of Canada’s economy. Before the Europeans arrived in Canada, Aboriginal Peoples were already involved in their own trade system. They wor... ... middle of paper ... ...oduction to the Statement of Native Rights and Self Determination”. Canadian ffffffJournal of Native Studies Volume II (1983): 37-52. Government of Canada: Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, 2013. ffffffhttp://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100016293/1100100016294 Canada's Changing Labour Force: The Provinces and Territories. Statistics Canada, 2006. ffffffhttp://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-559/p27-eng.cfm Rabb, Douglas J. “The Master of Life and The Person of Evolution: Indigenous Influence on Canadian ffffffPhilosophy.” National Center for Ethics in Human Research NCEHR (2004), 6-12. Gross, Lawrence W. “Bimaadiziwin, or the ‘Good Life’ as a Unifying Concept of Anishinaabe ffffffReligion.” American Indian Culture and Research Journal (2002): 15-39. Government of Canada: First Nations Oil and Gas and Moneys Management Act, 2005.
Steckley, J., & Cummins, B. D. (2008). Full circle: Canada's First Nations (2nd ed.). Toronto:
Alcohol was foreign to the people of Canada and the effect it would have on them and the rest of their culture would be devastating. Though some Frenchmen deemed the trading of spirits to the Natives dishonourable, there were some who only sought the extra profit (The alcohol problem). Europeans gave alcohol in large amounts to people who had never seen nor consumed the substance and took advantage of these people. There was an attempt to abolish the trade on both sides but the trading continued regardless of any actions attempted (The alcohol problem). They were not successful being ignored because of the prospective profits to be received from trading alcohol to the Indians. An anonymous observer during the fur trade wrote, “Some Frenchmen have admitted to getting 15,000 livres worth of beaver skins out of a single barrel of spirits worth no more than 200 livres” (The alcohol problem). This illustrates how disgraceful and unfair the trading that occurred during the time became. Lives were destroyed by Europeans trading alcohol, but alcohol was not the only deadly thing they had brought across the
Fur trading started between the Europeans along with the Aboriginals when the most valuable beaver pelts was a substituted for metal and clothing goods such as iron knives and axis, copper kettles, blankets and trinkets. The beaver pelts were well desired by the Europeans for the reason that using this fur for headgear provided an elegant way to keep dry. However these pelts were for fashion, as men and women could be instantly noted within the social hierarchy by according to their beaver hats. It was so valuable that the sand on the floor was filtered to save every hair that has fallen off. For the Europeans, captivating advantages of the rich furs from the Indians in the New World was a major factor in generating handsome profits, and there is no other pelt exchanging business enterprise like the Hudson's Bay Company. It is the oldest venture of Canada and it inspired many by its domination in the fur trading industry during its early years. They equipped their own armies, minted its own coins and even issued its own medals. The company had controlled fully one-third of present-day Canadian territory and were thought by many as a kingdom by itself in the fur industry. They had trading posts from the very north Arctic Ocean to Hawaii and as far south as San Francisco. HBC's revenue didn't generate simply from this one way trade in furs to Europe; it also consists of large amounts of European goods to North America. These goods incorporated many other products that local people cannot construct such as gunpowder, bullets, weapons, tobacco, kettles, pots, beads, fishing hooks, needles, scissors, and so much more. The Hudson's Bay Company showed a great measure of success since its formation, but it didn't come without s...
Another key resource in the attraction to Canada was the fur that was available. In the 17th and 18th century, fur was in high demand in Europe. Fur pelts were seen as fashionable, and of high value at the time. Beavers were a main provider of fur pelts, and were decreasing in amount within Europe, due to the high demand and mass production of these fur pelts in Europe. This relates to why the Europeans were very motivated to trade with Canadians, as these fur pelts would have been of high value and demand in Europe, creating a boost in the economy and profit for the merchants. In Europe around 1600, North American fur was also seen as of higher quality than European fur, thus concluding that in many ways North American fur was of a greater value and ‘superior’ to fur originating in Europe. These were main reasons that
Duane Champagne in Social Change and Cultural Continuity Among Native Nations explains that there has never been one definitive world view that comprises any one Native American culture, as there is no such thing as one “Native community” (2007:10). However, there are certain commonalities in the ways of seeing and experiencing the world that many Native communities and their religions seem to share.
Systems: The canadian Future in light of the American Past.” Ontario native Council on Justice. Toronto, Ontario.
The Calder Case was the spark that led to the Canadian government recognizing Aboriginals and their rights. Firstly, the aboriginals used the Calder Case to inform the government that they were taking away their rights. The Calder Case was launched after the Attorney General of British Columbia declared “that the Aboriginal Title, other wise known as the Indian Title, of the Plaintiffs to their ancient tribal territory...has never been lawfully extinguished.”1 The statement made by the government claimed that the Aboriginal Title did not exist in the eyes of the law and before the Calder Case, it allowed them to ignore Aboriginal land rights all over the country. In addition, The Calder brought the issues the Aboriginals were facing with land claims to the attention of the Canadian government. “According to Kainai Board of Education The case made it all the way to the Supreme Court of Canada where the court ended up rejecting the native's claims after being split on it's validity. However, the Supreme Court of Canada's recognition required new respect for Aboriginal land claims.”2 The Supreme Court of Canada's recognition of the Calder Case benefited the Aboriginals as the government was...
Fleras, Augie. “Aboriginal Peoples in Canada: Repairing the Relationship.” Chapter 7 of Unequal Relations: An Introduction to Race, Ethnic and Aboriginal Dynamics in Canada. 6th ed. Toronto: Pearson, 2010. 162-210. Print.
Harold Cardinal made a bold statement in his book, The Unjust Society, in 1969 about the history of Canada’s relationship with Aboriginal peoples. His entire book is, in fact, a jab at Pierre Elliott Trudeau’s idea of ‘the just society’. Pierre Elliott Trudeau made great assumptions about First Nations people by declaring that Aboriginal people should be happy about no longer being described as Indian. His goal was to rid Canada of Indians by assimilating them into the Canadian framework. Considered by many as a progressive policy, Trudeau’s white paper demonstrates just how accurate the following statement made by Harold Cardinal at the beginning of his book is : “The history of Canada’s Indians is a shameful chronicle of the white man’s disinterest,
Canadians view themselves as morally correct, yet the Indigenous peoples are oppressed and discriminated by Canadians. The Aboriginal peoples culture would last longer without Canada since Canada wants to control first, but not by understanding the culture and heritage. Aboriginal peoples express how they felt about the Canadian “Myth of Progress”. Some other works take a more satirical look like “Tidings of Comfort and Joy” but the points still stand. One of the points is Canadians are discriminating the Indigenous peoples to be lazy and corrupt.
L. J. 433 (1979-1980) White, G. (2002). Treaty Federalism in Northern Canada: Aboriginal Government Land Claims Board. Publius Vol. 32, No. 2 -. 3, pp.
To them, the excitement and the adventure of the buffalo hunt held more appeal than farming. Hundreds of Metis were content to earn a living by hunting buffalo, making pemmican or finding employment as freight drivers. After a while Canada bought Rupertsland from Hudson Bay Company. When the Metis heard this they were alarmed. They feared their religion,their language, their lands and their old, free way of* life.
Aboriginal women had occupied an essential position in the fur trade of the North American region from its birth during the 17th and 18th centuries. Even though this is true, the role of women, especially those of the Native American society, has been ignored a great deal in the entire history of fur trade. Contrary to the belief that the whole fur trade activity was only male-dominated, it very much depended upon Native women and their participation and labor in order to ensure survival as well as economic success. This paper will attempt to illuminate how Native women played the role as important producers when it comes to fur trade of the American Plains and, of course, the Canadian region. This paper will also deal with the two important company's namely the North West and Hudson's Bay Company and tell how each functioned during the time of fur trade. The term “fur traders” is the term often used to described anyone who was interested in the traffic of furs. The traditional picture has been that of a male in buckskin shirt and a raccoon cap, dispensing alcohol and trinkets to gullible savages, in turn for the quality furs worth 10 times their value.
- - - . Native Religions of North America: The Power of Visions and Fertility. New York: Harper & Row, 1987.
The IK embedded in the stories reveal how such knowledge is instrumental in ushering in and mitigating ecological catastrophe (Woollett, 2007). Cajete (2000) observes that “ultimately, the goal of Indigenous education is to perpetuate a way of life through the generations and through time. The purpose of all education is to instruct the next generation about what is valued and important to a society” (p. 184). In Canada, Native schools have begun to emerge where Native people (of particular tribal groups) conduct education for children in their own languages and develop a curriculum which is based on reclaiming traditional knowledges and worldviews, for example, the importance of land and environment and what land and environment means to Aboriginal