Plant Reproduction and Breeding
I did my research on plant reproduction/breeding. What is PLANT
REPRODUCTION/BREEEDING? How DO PLANTS REPRODUCE? This
information will be included in my report. I will tell you how many ways
plants can reproduce. And I will give an example of each way of
reproduction there is.
Plant Reproduction
Plant Reproduction is to make off springs. Plants reproduce two ways
sexually and asexually. Sexually means there are two sources and asexually
means there is one source. Asexual plants reproduce by themselves. And
sexual plants reproduce with another plant or source. A flower has 4 parts.
Sepals surround and protect the other parts of a developing flower before it
opens. Petals make up the next whorl most animal pollinated flowers have
brightly colored petals.
The two innermost whorls of flower parts contain the reproductive
structures. The male reproductive structures are stamens, each which consist
of an anther and a filament. An anther contains microsporangia, which
produce micrspores that develop into pollen grains. A stalklike filament
supports an anther . The innermost whorl contains the female reproductive
structures, which are called carpels. One or more carpels fused together
make up the structure called a pistil. The enlarged base of a pistil is called
the ovary. A style, which is usually stalklike, rises from the ovary. The tip of
the style is called the stigma. Usually a stigma is sticky or has hairs,
enabling it to trap pollen grains. Most species of flowering plants have
flowers with both stamens and pistils. However, some species have flowers
with only stamens (male flowers) or pistils (female flowers).
Selection
Individuals within a species vary widely in a number of
characteristics. Many of these traits are heritable and can be passed on their
progeny. In practicing selection, plant breeders choose plants with desirable
traits for further propagation and discard plants that are inferior for that trait.
By doing so, plant breeders can select and reselect for the
trait through successive generations, shifting the population in the desired
direction.
Hybridization
The follicular phase (Days 6 through 14) is the outcome of the ovarian cycle, and the menstrual preovulatory phase. During this phase the ovaries glands are maturing. In the follicular phase the process of the cells, glands and organs of the luteinizing hormone (LH), the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and oestrogen enables the maturation of the cavities, glands and sacs in the ovaries positioned through the womb to produce egg fertilization (Freudenrich 2014). In the middle of the cycle the egg that’s fertilized sends an cue or indication through the Luteinizing hormone and the Follicle stimulating hormone signaling the eggs produced in the female reproductive system to release the fertilize eggs. In which this is where the eggs travels through the fallopian tube and where it has a chance of merging with sperm in which this is the act of
The gametophytes used in this experiment are of C-ferns. They tend to mature and produce spores at temperature of 28oC and conditions of high humidity. The spores that germinate first are hermaphrodites. Hermaphrodites tend to produce a pheromone called antheridiogen. It is this pheromone that causes later germinating spores to become male.
Social reproduction is the reproduction of cultural, human, and social capital in society. Therefore languages, traditions, cultural values, education, food security, and social circles are passed down from one generation to the next through Karl Mannheim’s concept of “fresh contact” and through society as a whole. Social reproduction is effective when social structures and equality within society are maintained. Inequality, poverty, and social changes that force society to adapt can impede the process of social reproduction causing what is known as a “crisis in social reproduction” (Wells, 2009). Born into Brothels demonstrates a crisis of social reproduction that negatively impacts the lives of children living in Sonagachi as a result of globalization, neoliberal policies, poverty, lack of adequate education and social structures to pass down capital, and the stigma of prostitution. Additionally, it shows the need for children to make economic contributions to their families that prevent them from leaving the brothel.
Sexual reproduction is that the union of male and feminine gametes to create a fertilised egg or zygote. The ensuing offspring inherit one-half their traits from every parent. Consequently, they 're not genetically similar to either parent or siblings, except within the case of identical twins. As theorised by Mendel, adults are diploid, meaning as 2N, having 2 alleles offered to code for one attribute. The gametes should be haploid, signified by N, containing just one allele in order that once 2 haploid gametes mix, they manufacture a traditional diploid individual. The method where haploid sex cells are created from diploid parents is known as meiosis, and it happens solely within the reproductive organs.
The remains of ancient plants can provide a wealth of archaeological information about a site, with many methods being available to the archaeologist engaged in extracting this data. Perhaps one of the most widely-known of these techniques, possibly because of its attractive nature, is pollen analysis - a technique developed in the early years of the twentieth century by, like so many archaeological techniques, a geologist -- the Norwegian Lennart van Post. To understand the technique and the uses to which it may be put, we must first examine the biological nature of the material itself.
The plants that we know today as terrestrial organisms were not always on land. The land plants of today can be linked back to aquatic organisms that existed millions of years ago. In fact, early fossil evidence shows that the earliest land plants could have arisen some 450 million years ago (Weng & Chappie 2010). Plants that used to reside strictly in water were able to adapt in ways that allowed them to move onto land. It is speculated the need for plants to move onto land was created by water drying up, causing plants to have less room and pushing them to move onto land. Although the exact cause of plant’s need to move to a terrestrial environment is unclear, it is known that plants had to undergo several adaptations to be able to live on land. These adaptations include: lignin, cellulose, suberin, and changes to plant’s surface, including the formation of a waxy cuticle.
The nucleus is often the largest organelle found in a Eukaryotic cell with a size of 10-20 un. It is surrounded by two membrane layers which can be identified on the diagram below. Within the nucleus structure are small pores with a size of 100un in diameter. These pores together make up around one third of the nuclear membrane surface area.
Meiosis is a specialized form of nuclear division in which there two successive nuclear divisions (meiosis I and II) without any chromosome replication between them. Each division can be divided into 4 phases similar to those of mitosis (pro-, meta-, ana- and telophase). Meiosis occurs during the formation of gametes in animals.
Mechanisms of cultural and social reproduction remain hidden, because the social practices that safeguard the political and economic interests of the dominant classes go unrecognized as anything other than the only natural, rational, or possible ones (qtd. in MacLeod 16). Thus, I hope that schooling can act to identify the mechanisms of cultural and social reproduction that Bourdieu describes. Without an educational system in place that allows for the exploration of these systems, social reproduction will continue to occur.
Cloning is asexual reproduction. Cuttings are taken from a mother plant in vegatative growth, and rooted in hydroponic medium to be grown as a separate plant. The offspring will be plants that are identical to the parent plant.
The relationships between plants and pollinators play a key role in our ecosystems. Pollinators are animals, such as bees, butterflies, moths, bats, flies, wasps, and birds, that transfer pollen from one flower to another. Pollination is the movement of pollen to the male or female part of the plant. This leads to fertilization and the production of seeds and flowers. They maintain and establish ecosystems. “Pollinators are an integral part of our environment and our agricultural systems; they are important in 35% of global crop production” (NCRS 2013). “Pollinator declines can result in loss of pollination services which have important negative ecological and economic impacts that could significantly affect the maintenance of wild plant diversity,
Humans depend on plants in numerous ways. One reason we depend on plants is for consumption. Plants have the unique ability of producing their own food through a process called photosynthesis. In this process, plants are able to produce macromolecules such as carbohydrates that cannot be produced in animals or humans. In humans, the only to gain these macromolecules is to consume plant matter, or consume plant-eating animals (herbivores).
"Within a single subunit [polypeptide chain], contiguous portions of the polypeptide chain frequently fold into compact, local semi-independent units called domains." - Richardson, 1981
tightly back, covering the ears, in a style which no longer suits our ideas of beauty. But the stark severity