Excretory urography is a time-lapsed interval radiographic study of injectable contrast medium circulating through the venous blood stream, renal arteries, veins, and tissues until it is filtered out and collected within the kidneys (Lavin, 240). It allows for the kidneys to be measured and evaluated, and it provides morphologic information regarding the renal pelvis and ureters (Vaden, 270). Additionally, intravenous urography is the only procedure which provides primary information on both ureteral morphology and function (Vaden, 270). Yet it should be noted that while the urogram is a helpful tool for qualitative assessment of renal function, it does not provide quantitative diagnostic confirmation and should not substitute other renal function tests (Kirk, 527, Thrall, 556). It is useful for detecting renal mass lesions such as neoplasia, renal cysts, renal and ureteral traumatic lesions, as well as pyelonephritis, hydroureter, hydronephrosis, renal agenesis, hypoplasia, pelvic and ureteral obstructions caused by uroliths and blood clots, renal parasites, ectopic ureter, and duplication of the collection system (Kirk, 527, Thrall, 562).
There are two phases of a urogram: the nephrogram and the pyelogram (Lavin, 240). The first phase of the urogram, the nephrogram, is characterized in radiographs by the opacification of renal tissues (Lavin, 240). Conducted immediately after the injection of the contrast medium as it begins to distribute throughout the renal vasculature, this study helps to evaluate vascular and renal perfusion, demonstrating the viability and health of renal tissues (Lavin, 240). A nephrogram of healthy renal vasculature should become mostly radiopaque within 10-30 seconds of the injection and perfusion should...
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...of the renal system (Kirk, 527, Thrall, 556).
Works Cited
Kirk, Robert W., BS, DVM, Stephen I. Bistner, BS, DVM, and Richard B. Ford, DVM, MS. "Excretory Urography." Handbook of Veterinary Procedures & Emergency Teatment. 5th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1990. 527. Print.
Lavin, Lisa M., MBA, CVT. "Chapter 18: Special Procedures." Radiography in Veterinary Technology. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Saunders/Elsevier, 2007. 240-243. Print.
Thrall, Donald E., DVM, PhD. "Chapter 42: The Kidneys and Ureters." Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier, 2002. 556-62. Print.
Vaden, Shelly L., Joyce S. Knoll, Francis W.K. Smith, and Larry P. Tilley. "Excretory Urography." Blackwell's Five-minute Veterinary Consult: Diagnostic Procedures and Laboratory Tests: Canine and Feline. 1st ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 270-72. Print.
2013). Inappropriate use of urinary catheter in patients as stated by the CDC includes patients with incontinence, obtaining urine for culture, or other diagnostic tests when the patient can voluntarily void, and prolonged use after surgery without proper indications. Strategies used focused on initiating restrictions on catheter placement. Development of protocols that restrict catheter placement can serve as a constant reminder for providers about the correct use of catheters and provide alternatives to indwelling catheter use (Meddings et al. 2013). Alternatives to indwelling catheter includes condom catheter, or intermittent straight catheterization. One of the protocols used in this study are urinary retention protocols. This protocol integrates the use of a portable bladder ultrasound to verify urinary retention prior to catheterization. In addition, it recommends using intermittent catheterization to solve temporary issues rather than using indwelling catheters. Indwelling catheters are usually in for a longer period. As a result of that, patients are more at risk of developing infections. Use of portable bladder ultrasound will help to prevent unnecessary use of indwelling catheters; therefore, preventing
Urinary Tract Infection, also known as UTI, occurs in two common locations, the bladder and kidneys. The kidneys are important organs that aid in filtering out waste products from blood and maintaining water distribution throughout the body. The waste products are filtered out via bladder, which is the reason of the bladder being the second site for the infection. A normal human being has two kidneys, one on left and right side, a bean shaped organ, and is located at the back of the abdomen. “Each kidney is about 11.5 cm long, 5-7.5 cm broad, 5 cm thick, and weight about 150 grams” (HealthInfoNet, Paragraph 2). Furthermore, a bacterium named Escherichia coli lives in both the kidneys and the GI tract. E. coli is part of the human body and produces
“The Nephrology Nursing Journal” was initially published in 1974, and is a refereed clinical and scientific resource that provides current information on a wide variety of subjects to facilitate the practice of professional nephrology nursing (ANNA, 2015). Its purpose is to disseminate information on the latest advances in research, practice, and education to nephrology nurses to positively influence the quality of care they provide (ANNA, 2015). It is designed to meet the educational and information needs of nephrology nurses in a variety of roles at all levels of practice, while also serving as a source of knowledge for non-nephrology nurses. (ANNA, 2015). Its content expands the knowledge base for nephrology nurses, stimulates professional growth, guides research-based practice, presents new technological developments, and provides a forum for review of critical issues promoting the advancement of nephrology nursing practice (ANNA, 2015).
(3)Bellomo,R.,Cass,A.,Cole,L.,Finer,S.,Gallagher,M.,Lo,S.,McAthur,C.,McGuinness,S.,Myburgham J.,Norton,R.,Scheinkestel,C.,& Su,S. for renal study investigators(2009).Intensity of continuous renal-replacement therapy in critically ill patients. The New England Journal of Medicine, 361(17), 1627-1638.
As for the kidney’s, they consist of a renal cortex with arcuate vessels surrounds the renal medulla of the kidney. The renal papilla at the end of the renal medulla connects to the renal pelvis. Finally, a ureter descends form the kidney to the urinary bladder in both the mink and human.
United States Renal Data System (USRDS). (2008). Annual data report: Incidence and prevalence. Retrieved July 8, 2009, from http://www.usrds.org/2008/pdf/V2-02-2008.pdf
The human body has the ability to be modified to allow for dialysis to occur within the peritoneal cavity instead of the extracorporeal method used in hemodialysis. This cavity is located in the abdomen and is accessed via a tube called a peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter. The ...
First, I will begin by introducing the correlation between anatomy and the pet population. T...
Genitourinary system: He doesn’t have pain during urinating and no increase of passing urine and he doesn’t need to get up in the middle of the night to pass urine. There is no blood in the urine.
From the results of the numerous tests carried out according to the patient history of frothy urine with a significant oedema over a maximum period of 5 days, the patient was diagnosed with Nephrotic Syndrome. This is condition that occurs due to leakage in the kidney filtration part leading to a large amount of protein leaking from the blood into the urine. This is mainly due to fluid retention known as oedema which is as a result of low protein level in the blood. It occurs due to abnormal functioning or a part of the kidney is affected (glomeruli). This syndrome can be caused by numerous diseases coming together to cause or form one particular disease; these causes range from minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and other conditions, disorders of the glomeruli. The membranous nephropathy also known as the membranous nephritis or membranous glomerulonephritis, only causes diseases in adults and very uncommon in children. Leakage occurs from this due to the thickening of the membranous in the glomeruli which is the filter of the glomeruli. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is a causative due to the formation of small scars (sclerosis) on some of the kidney glomeruli. Another form of cause of nephrotic is minimal change which is due to lack of virtual change detected in the glomeruli when examined under the microscope. This causes the syndrome in 9 out of a total of 10 children under the age of 5 years.
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...terinary Medical Association - Home. American Veterinary Medical Association, n.d. Web. 24 Jan. 2014. .
The objective of this lab is to determine the present of normal and abnormal constituents in the urine, also to examine the pH, specific gravity, and chemical constituents.
"Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals." AALAS Foundation. 2005. American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 2012 .