White Lies in Heart of Darkness
In his novella Heart of Darkness (1899), Joseph Conrad through his principal narrator, Marlow, reflects upon the evils of the human condition as he has experienced it in Africa and Europe. Seen from the perspective of Conrad's nameless, objective persona, the evils that Marlow encountered on the expedition to the "heart of darkness," Kurtz's Inner Station on the banks of the snake-like Congo River, fall into two categories: the petty misdemeanors and trivial lies that are common- place, and the greater evils -- the grotesque acts society attributes to madmen. That the first class of malefaction is connected to the second is illustrated in the downfall of the story's secondary protagonist, the tragically deluded and hubristic Mr. Kurtz. The European idealist, believing the lies of his Company and of the economic imperialism that supports it, is unprepared for the test of character that the Congo imposes, and succumbs to the potential for the diabolical latent within every human consciousness.
Although numerous critics (including Johanna M. Smith, Peter Hyland, Herbert Klein, and Garrett Stewart) have drawn attention to how Marlow's lie to the Intended informs the whole preceding text and how that culminating scene with the Intended is connected to Marlow's initial impression of Brussels as a whited sepulchre (how appropriate in light of Belgian King Leopold II's hypocritical defense of his private company's rapacious exploitation of the ludicrously- named Congo Free State!), few have until recently focussed on how the lie affects the reader's reaction to Marlow as the protagonist and narrator of Conrad's Congo tale.
Answering questions which the dead man's Intended poses him reg...
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Rosmarin, Adena. "Darkening the Reader: Reader- Response Criticism and Heart of Darkness ." Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness: A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism , ed. Ross C. Murfin. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989. Pp. 148-171.
Smith, Johanna M. Smith. "'Too Beautiful Altogether': Patriarchal Ideology in Heart of Darkness ." Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness: A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism , ed. Ross C. Murfin. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989. Pp. 179-198.
Stewart, Garrett. "Lying as Dying in Heart of Darkness ." PMLA 95 (1980): 319- 331.
Trilling, Lionel. " Huckleberry Finn ." The Liberal Imagination: Essays on Literature and Society . New York: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1950. Pp. 100-113.
Wright, Walter F. "Ingress to The Heart of Darkness ." Romance and Tragedy in Joseph Conrad . New York: Russell and Russell, 1966. Pp. 143-160.
In this essay, the author
Analyzes how joseph conrad, through his principal narrator, marlow, reflects upon the evils of the human condition as he has experienced it in africa and europe.
Analyzes how marlow's lie to the intended informs the preceding text, and how that culminating scene with the inntended is connected to his initial impression of brussels as a whited sepulchre.
Analyzes how charlie marlow despises kurtz's visions and his guileless love for the quondam humanitarian. he acquiesces in her statements of faith and prevaricates with double meaning.
Argues that the white man's burden lies must be accepted if the natives of the dark continent are to be improved, enlightened, and transformed into white people with black skins.
Analyzes how the countenancing of the greater evil, the lies like rainbow colours on the company's map, veil the real motives of european imperialism in africa.
Analyzes how kurtz's company has used corporate profits to justify its presence and activities in central africa. he espoused altruistic ideals to mitigate enslaving the natives.
Analyzes how the manager's lofty intentions for his work at the jungle station were quickly perverted by the darwinian ethos of the unfamiliar climate and environment.
Analyzes how conrad alludes to christ's characterization of his opponents, the pharisees, as "whited sepulchres" spiritually. what the saviour found objectionable in his sectarian adversaries is what marlow finds repulsive in the belgian company: pure hypocrisy.
Analyzes how marlow's description of his city of departure recalls the biblical phrase for the hypocrite, the man of inner darkness whitewashed by outer manner
Analyzes how the marble fireplace of the intended's parlour possesses a "cold and monumental whiteness," connecting this particular european interior with the general exterior of society.
Analyzes how marlow's closing scene of "the heart of darkness" leaves the reader with ambivalent feelings about conrad’s chief narrator.
Analyzes how kurtz and marlow have looked into that dark place in the human psyche and know what lies there.
Opines that marlow's lie is neither wicked nor self-serving, but justifiable as odysseus'. it is insulating the intended from the darwinian reality behind the african jungle and brussels' impassive façade.
Analyzes how marlow reinforces his chivalric image of himself by keeping kurtz's intended from the truth of his death.
Analyzes how rosmarin points out that in heart of darkness white is the "most explicit confusion" for the reader, since it is an "off-color," the hue of ivory (upon which the whole european economic venture rests) and kurtz's complexion.
Analyzes how marlow reverses the normal symbology of the black-white dichotomy, so that gradually darkness comes to mean truth, whiteness falsehood.
Describes conrad's heart of darkness and the critics, ed. bruce harkness.
Explains that dowden, wilfred s., "i start with definite images." joseph conrad: the imagined style.
Analyzes hyland, peter, "the little woman in the heart of darkness." conradiana 20, 1 (1988): 3-12.
Explains that joseph conrad's heart of darkness, a case study in contemporary criticism, was published by ross c. murfin.
Explains klein, herbert g., "charting the unknown: conrad, marlow, and the world of women." conradiana 20, 2: 147-158.
Explains lynn, david h., "heart of darkness : marlow's heroic cry." narrators in the early modern novel.
Analyzes montag's "marlow tells the truth: the nature of evil in heart of darkness."
Explains that moser, thomas c., "the uncongenial subject." joseph conrad: achievement and decline.
Explains rosmarin, adena, and ross c. murfin's heart of darkness: a case study in contemporary criticism.
Analyzes smith, johanna m. smith's book, "too beautiful altogether": patriarchal ideology in heart of darkness.
Describes stewart, garrett's "lying as dying in heart of darkness".
Describes trilling, lionel, and the liberal imagination: essays on literature and society.
Explains that wright, walter f., "ingress to the heart of darkness." romance and tragedy in joseph conrad.
Cox, C. B. Conrad: Heart of Darkness, Nostromo, and Under Western Eyes. London: Macmillan Education Ltd., 1987.
In this essay, the author
Argues that conrad's novel, heart of darkness, contains the theme of racism but ignores the fact that it was written around the turn of the century. modern critics apply modern thinking to all novels, including those written in a specific time period with beliefs different from today.
Explains that to see racist tendencies in a text we need to know the definition of racism. a racist apprehends the connection between the colour of our skin and our inherited mental and intellectual disposition.
Explains that heart of darkness is an example of a text with many racist statements without being racist itself.
Analyzes how marlow pronounces non-racist statements about london and how it also has been heathen at some point in our history.
Opines that a racist would never look at someone from an inferior race with empathy and compassion, since he would not be willing to recognize any suffering or feelings. marlow sees the suffering and pain in the black people's faces and tries to ease their pain.
Analyzes how a racist would never agree that all races in the world are equal and entitled to be treated as equals. marlow sees the native inhabitants of africa as part of the human heritage.
Concludes that marlow is not a racist since he is the main character in heart of darkness and most of the narrative perspective is seen from his point of view.
Cites conrad, joseph, engström, christer, höganäs, bokförlaget bra böcker, c. b. cox, james guetti, and sewanee review lxxiii.
(3) Widmer, Kingsley. "Joseph Conrad". Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 34. Gale Research Company. Detroit. 1985
In this essay, the author
Narrates how joseph conrad spent four months as a steamship captain in the congo and became physically ill and disturbed. he felt compelled to write about his experiences years later.
Explains that conrad's experience in the congo was similar to that of marlow, who became ill as a result of his travels. the novella heart of darkness was published in 1902.
Analyzes how heart of darkness paints a very dark picture of the congo. kurtz represents the force publique, which came to the region to "civilize" natives, but their methods became increasingly barbaric.
Analyzes how conrad's "heart of darkness" is a direct assault on imperialism and the ideology that legitimized it.
Opines that the goal of evolutionary processes is an equilibrium between the creature and its environment. marlow observes natives on the coast, who "wanted no excuse for being there" and who blend with their setting.
Analyzes how watts' hypothesis is supported by many examples in the novel. marlow becomes sick as a result of the trip up the congo.
Analyzes how conrad's involvement in the reform movement gives some insight into the reform message of heart of darkness.
Analyzes how chinua achebe in a critical essay on conrad's heart of darkness claims that he was "a thoroughgoing racist."
Analyzes how achebe argues that conrad's frequent use of racial epithets coupled with his description of the natives make him look like a racist.
Analyzes how sarvan refutes achebe's arguments by stating that the attitudes expressed by marlow are contradictory and ironic statements that establish him as unreliable.
Analyzes how heart of darkness can be seen as a liberal attempt to reform horrific conditions in the congo, but read today it may seem racist.
Cites forbath, peter, widmer, kingsley, and watts, cedric. "joseph conrad".
Conrad, Joseph. “Heart of Darkness” Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism. Ed. Ross C. Murfin. Boston: Bedford, 1996.
In this essay, the author
Analyzes how francis ford coppola's "apocalypse now" reflects the cultural turmoil that developed in the 1960’s.
Analyzes how coppola leaves the traditional order of a cinematic story and brings out more meaning.
Analyzes how captain kilgore represents the struggle between american social influences bringing out shallow, and meaningless thoughts about surfing and eating beef versus acting chivalrous and noble as a soldier doing his job, serving his country for the cause.
Analyzes how kilgore's blatant disregard for the purpose he was in vietnam shows how the american people reacted in two ways.
Analyzes how lance loses his american boy image, his fear of bombs and bullets, and begins to decent into a tribal being.
Analyzes how coppola brings to life the conflicts that the era of 1960'2 experienced. the anarchy of vietnam was just an outlet for these feelings, funneled through the immature emotional matrix of soldiers.
Analyzes how coppola's portrayal of the vietnam war could be considered amplified by his artistic imagination.
Explains brantlinger, patrick, conrad, joseph, and ross c. murfin's case studies in contemporary criticism.
Cites grieff, louis k., miller, j. hillis, and murfin, ross c.
Cox, C. B. Conrad: Heart of Darkness, Nostromo, and Under Western Eyes. London: Macmillan Education Ltd., 1987.
In this essay, the author
Analyzes how marlow's perception of the jungle as a palpable force that has the power of human gestures is indicative of ego-activity and the first bardo transcendence is lost.
Explains that the negative, wrathful counterparts to this vision occur if the voyager reacts with fear to the powerful flow of life forms.
Analyzes how marlow hears the sounds of the colonizers and the africans in heart of darkness. silence in the jungle is truthful, while the noise of technology is incomprehensible to the white men.
Analyzes how marlow tried to escape into mental activity in the face of new noises and visions, but the strength of the sounds thwarted his attempts at rationalization.
Explains that they were wanderers on a prehistoric earth, on an earth that wore the aspect of an unknown planet.
Analyzes how marlow describes the terribleness of the constant thwarting of attempts at explanation with one symbolic instance of thought-change.
Analyzes how marlow feels he can comprehend this new world and comes to a new rationalization.
Opines that man's mind is capable of anything because everything is in it, all the past as well as the future.
Analyzes how marlow's psychedelic experience is a means of getting in tune with the primordial, the memories that are stored in all of us, and recognizes the connection between all men that allows for the understanding of each other.
Analyzes how marlow seems unsure whether comprehension is understanding the appearance of meaning or recognizing the underlying truth. the truth of the forest asserts itself when he puts his faith in appearances.
Concludes that one interpretation of heart of darkness formulates the congo as an altered reality. kurtz is a character in contrast to marlow, who embraces evil by stepping over the edge of moral bounds.
Analyzes how leary describes the psychedelic journey as a pre-mortem death and rebirth, but for kurtz it is the final journey, the real death.
Opines that wisdom, truth, and sincerity are just compressed into that inappreciable moment of time in which we step over the threshold of the invisible.
Explains cox, c. b. conrad's heart of darkness, nostromo, and under western eyes.
Describes guetti, james, and c. b. cox's "heart of darkness and the failure of the imagination".
Explains that leary, timothy, metzner, ralph, alpert, richard the psychedelic experience: a manual based on the tibetan book of the dead.
Cites ruthven, k.k., and c.b. cox in critical quarterly, vol.
Conrad, Joseph, and Ross C. Murfin. Heart of Darkness: Joseph Conrad ; a Case Study in
In this essay, the author
Describes conrad, joseph, and ross c. murfin's heart of darkness.
Explains feiler, bruce s. learning to bow: inside the heart of japan.
Analyzes how the three books, heart of darkness by joseph conrad, things fall apart by chinua achebe and learning to bow, inside the heart of japan, discuss different cultures and the effects that cohabitation have on them.
Describes how marlow witnessed slavery and purposeless labor, changing his views about the mistreatment of other human beings based upon his upbringing in imperialism.
Analyzes how marlow shows true respect for these men, not following his peers beliefs about slavery and the respect towards other humans.
Analyzes how the tribe elders enforced the need to keep tradition, causing a feeling of abandonment from those that joined the christian faith. the first reverend to interact with umuofia was peaceful and accepting.
Narrates how he was respected even by the clan for trod softly on its faith. he made friends with some of the great men and was presented with a carved elephant tusk.
Analyzes how reverend brown's friendship with akunna led to a positive relationship with the tribe.
Analyzes how feiler's willingness to learn japanese culture gained him respect from his host. while teaching the english culture, he developed friendships with his japanese peers.
Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. Ed. Judith Boss and David Widger. Chapel Hill: Project Gutenberg, 2006. eBook.
In this essay, the author
Analyzes how conrad's final combination of light and darkness occurs when marlow visits the intended, who is the antithesis of kurtz, but presents him in a new light.
Analyzes how conrad's use of the frame narrative places marlow in a unique position in the story. his venture down the river and into the heart of darkness leads both himself and the reader to question the morals and ideals that are given to us by society.
Explains conrad, joseph, heart of darkness, ed. judith boss and david widger, chapel hill, project gutenberg, 2006.
Analyzes how joseph conrad's use of darker examples of light reflects the inner conflict and confusion of the novel’s protagonist, marlow.
This essay consists of two separate parts but the intention is that both these parts will prove to be relevant from the point of view of what this essay sets out to study. The first part will present Joseph Conrad's life and some of his works and the latter part will consist of a comparison of two of Conrad's works, Heart of Darkness and The Secret Agent. In this essay I will begin from two assumptions, namely, that both the works mentioned above include clearly identifiable similarities in their narration, theme and method, and, that Conrad's own experiences and views have had great effect on both works.
In this essay, the author
Explains that fleishman, avrom. condrad's politics: community and anarchy in the fiction of joseph conrad.
Explains that the essay consists of two parts, the first presenting joseph conrad's life and some of his works, and the second comparing heart of darkness and the secret agent.
Explains that they will focus on joseph conrad's life before he settled in england and started his writing career.
Opines that the similarities between the secret agent and heart of darkness are not as interesting as the thematic similarities.
The Heart of Darkness, a complex text was written by Joseph Conrad around the 19th century, when Europeans were colonizing Africa for wealth and power and were attempting to spread their culture and religion in Africa. It was also a period in which women were not allowed to participate in worldly affairs. Therefore, the text deals with issues such as racism, European imperialism, and misogyny. This essay will look at the different themes in the novel and argue whether or not The Heart of Darkness is a work of art.
In this essay, the author
Analyzes joseph conrad's the heart of darkness, a complex text that deals with racism, european imperialism, and misogyny.
Explains that art is an expression of human creative skills that are appreciated for their beauty or emotional power. achebe and pelikan have argued that the heart of darkness is not a commendable piece of writing.
Analyzes how conrad uses images of lightness and darkness to convey the message that light symbolizes intelligence and competence while darkness is associated with crudeness.
Analyzes conrad's portrayal of africa as a blank space in "the heart of darkness." the eldorado exploring expedition exploits africa out of its resources, mostly ivory, and inflicts atrocities on natives.
Analyzes how joseph conrad depicts women as naive, innocent creatures who cannot face reality or the truth, hence they remain delusional.
Opines that joseph conrad's "the heart of darkness" is a commendable work of art despite the criticism he received.
When read at face value, Joseph Conrad’s novella, Heart of Darkness, is a portrayal of white, imperial, oppression of the African natives of the Congo. However, when we view the writing through the lenses of psychoanalysis and feminism, a story focused on one character, Marlow, emerges. Each theory presents a new way of interpreting and understanding the character development and imagery within the story. Psychoanalysis provides a look into the mind and dreamlike setting of Marlow. Feminism examines the binary gender roles of the characters, Marlow and Kurtz. Both theories examine how these two characters are in some way the same person.
In this essay, the author
Analyzes how joseph conrad's novella, heart of darkness, is a portrayal of white, imperial, oppression of the african natives of congo.
Explains freud's work detailing the inner elements of the mind called the id, super-ego, and ego.
Analyzes how conrad's remark shows the weakness of many tellers of tales who seem so often unaware of what their audience would best like to hear.
Analyzes how marlow represents the ego within the story as he should since this story revolves around him and his voyage.
Analyzes how the steamboat is the physical representation of marlow's increased enlightenment of himself.
Explains that feminist theory takes a different approach to literary theory and tries to understand the nature of gender inequality utilizing many different approaches.
West, Roger. "Conrad's Heart Of Darkness." Explicator 50.4 (1992): 222. MAS Ultra - School Edition. Web.
In this essay, the author
Analyzes how conrad's use of the white cloth symbolizes the power and magic that the black man has used to enslave him and other africans.
Opines that power can do so much, but it doesn't only destroy communities and counties. it can also destroy a person.
Analyzes how power is used to show control and to make advancements in their countries. the books heart of darkness and the gods will have blood show the ideas of power through imperialism and the revolution.
Cites west, roger, and dennis, porter. anatole france and the liberalism of resignation.