What is an Amplifier?
An amplifier is an electronic device for increasing the amplitude of electrical signals. So basically an amplifier's job is to take a weak audio signal and boost it to create a signal that is powerful enough to drive a speaker. Amplifiers are used in many different audio systems today; including microphones, CD players, televisions and speaker systems.
How does it work?
There are many parts to an amplifier, but one of the most important parts is the transistor which consists of a piece of semiconductor. Before we go into how transistors work an understanding of semiconductors need to be established. What is a semiconductor? A semiconductor is a material that conducts a current but only partly, therefore it is halfway between an insulator (does not conduct electricity) and a conductor (conducts electricity). Typically, a semiconductor is made of a poor conductor, such as silicon, that has had impurities (atoms of another element) added to it; this process is called doping.
In pure silicon, all of the silicon atoms bond perfectly to their neighbours which leaves no space for the electrons to move about and conduct electricity. In doped silicon additional atoms change the balance; either adding free electrons or creating holes where electrons can go. There are two types of semiconductors; N-type is doped with phosphorus which adds free electrons (negative charge), and P-type is doped with boron to create holes (positive charge). Electrical charge moves when electrons move from hole to hole, so either one of these additions will make the material more conductive (Harris, 2002).
Now that we understand a bit more on semiconductors we can look at how transistors work:
How a transistor works
This is a picture of ...
... middle of paper ...
... accuracy and sound quality. The class B amplifier needs transformers to run efficiently, and this is costly. On the other hand, the class A amplifier creates mass amounts of heat waste, and to lessen this impact cooling and heat regulating components have to be purchased; making the class A amplifier costly as well. With both of the amps being costly, the quality and efficiency of the amplifiers is the deciding factor. In a class B amp only half of the sine wave is reproduced by each transistor causing crossover distortion when the wave is cut-off. The makes the sound quality unclear and unpleasant to the ears. In a class A amplifier, a true reproduction of the original input wave is produced in the output making a pure sound quality. In result to this, I would definitely choose a class A amplifier over a class B amplifier due to the pure sound quality it produces.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that amplifiers are an electronic device for increasing the amplitude of electrical signals. they are used in many different audio systems today.
- Explains that semiconductors are a material that conducts electricity but is halfway between an insulator (does not conduct electricity) and an conductor (conducts).
- Describes a bi-polar junction where the free electrons fill the holes in the n-type and p-type layers, causing depletion zones, and boosts the voltage on the base electrode.
- Explains that amplifiers are an electronic device for increasing the amplitude of electrical signals. they are used in many different audio systems today.
- Explains that semiconductors are a material that conducts electricity but is halfway between an insulator (does not conduct electricity) and an conductor (conducts).
- Describes a bi-polar junction where the free electrons fill the holes in the n-type and p-type layers, causing depletion zones, and boosts the voltage on the base electrode.
- Explains that a class a amplifier is biased so that it operates in the linear (active) region for the full 360 degrees of the input cycle.
- Explains that a class b amplifier is biased to only operate in the linear region for 180 degrees, and cut off for the rest of the input cycle.
Harness the Power of AI to Boost Your Grades!
Haven't found what you were looking for? Talk to me, I can help!
Related
- explanatory
- comparative
- analytical
- opinion
- Photonics Lab Reportexplanatory essaygenerator • 2 Amplifier circuits • A photo-detector • An Oscilloscope (with hook-up cables) • A speaker • Soldering Iron for putting together circuits • Transformer Task 1 Construct one of the Amplifier circuits following directions and using the soldering iron. Connect battery and speaker to the circuit. Connect the amplifier circuit to the oscilloscope and signal generator. Connect the signal generator directly to the oscilloscope. Calculate the voltage amplitude from the amplifier from the minimum
In this essay, the author
- Describes how they decided to advance their knowledge about lasers and perform more tedious activities with them. they plan to successfully communicate over free space using a photonic link.
- Explains how to construct one of the amplifier circuits following directions and using the soldering iron.
- Explains how to modify the laser using the transformer, turn on amplifier circuit, point laser towards the photo resistor, connect to the oscilloscope, and adjust amplifier until you can hear the signal generator signal.
- Describes how they decided to advance their knowledge about lasers and perform more tedious activities with them. they plan to successfully communicate over free space using a photonic link.
- Explains how to construct one of the amplifier circuits following directions and using the soldering iron.
- Explains how to modify the laser using the transformer, turn on amplifier circuit, point laser towards the photo resistor, connect to the oscilloscope, and adjust amplifier until you can hear the signal generator signal.
- Explains how to construct the second amplifier circuit. connect a microphone to the amplifier, the transformer, and the laser.
- Explains that many groups had a hard time successfully soldering the circuits together, but when it came to the second circuit, they had to eventually give up and just start another fresh circuit.
- Explains that they witnessed the performance of the experiment and understand the mechanics behind it. in future experiments, they could reflect their voices in laser through a gelatin substance.
- Explains how to connect oscilloscope to amplifier. modulate laser as before. perform measurements of voltage output for different frequencies. take measurements at the highest frequency that will provide a measurable voltage.
- Explains that they were able to successfully solder together the circuit and amplify the signal from the generator, modulate the laser, calculate the bandwidth, and received the following information.
665 wordsRead More - Installing Car Audiocomparative essayis a factor too. Definitely stick to Car Audio dealerships and shops for guaranteed merchandise. The basics hardware that people will usually buy will be a head unit (either a CD, tape, or DVD player), front and rear speakers, subwoofers, and an amplifier. Measurements of the car’s speaker ports and head unit opening will need to be taken if not already known. After that the products can be bought at a reasonable price. Someone with some kind of car audio experience should attempt these next steps
In this essay, the author
- Explains how to install an amplifier kit. the power rating is measured in watts and will usually have several channels.
- Recommends installing a ground distribution block near the amp, and sanding off the paint and using vaseline to prevent corrosion.
- Recommends listening to all types of music, stopping the car, and making adjustments as necessary. if you have multiple amps and an equalizer, it will take longer to get it set the way you want.
- Explains how to install an amplifier kit. the power rating is measured in watts and will usually have several channels.
- Recommends installing a ground distribution block near the amp, and sanding off the paint and using vaseline to prevent corrosion.
- Recommends listening to all types of music, stopping the car, and making adjustments as necessary. if you have multiple amps and an equalizer, it will take longer to get it set the way you want.
- Recommends setting a price range and comparing prices at different retailers.
808 wordsRead More - Transmission of Information through a Photonic Linkanalytical essayTransmission of Information through a Photonic Link Introduction As civilizations rose they noticed the sun as they received the light it sent to them, because of this a fascination arose for light. Eventually the human mind and technology progressed to such experiments as those of Alexander Graham’s use of light in a photophone, a transmitter of voice using the sun as a transmitter. However unlike Graham’s experiment, modern technology provides a new level of communication in this experiment
In this essay, the author
- Explains how modern technology provides a new level of communication in this experiment.
- Explains how the frequencies were adjusted to find the highest amplitude possible and then were recorded. after that, a logarithmic graph was made using this data.
- Explains that the same setup was used only this time, a signal generator was not used. a microphone was soldered to an amplifier circuit board connected to the transformer.
- Explains how modern technology provides a new level of communication in this experiment.
- Explains how the frequencies were adjusted to find the highest amplitude possible and then were recorded. after that, a logarithmic graph was made using this data.
- Explains that the same setup was used only this time, a signal generator was not used. a microphone was soldered to an amplifier circuit board connected to the transformer.
- Analyzes how the voice came out of the speaker a bit blurred as the distance was increased, it became even more blurry.
- Explains that the experiment has opened new eyes for scientists. the amplitude didn't change or go higher even when the frequency did.
- Explains how the helium neon laser is the carrier source generating the signal in sinusoidal form. the information is picked up by the photodetector, which converts optical waves into electrical current.
- Explains how the class 3 laser was assembled and soldered separately. the amplifier circuits were turned on and the laser beam was pointed at the photo resistor circuit.
- Explains that the amplifiers were ok, but there could have been an error in the way they measured it, such as a miscalculation of the numbers on the oscilloscope
1200 wordsRead More - Physics of Guitarsexplanatory essaypick-ups to transform the sound into electrical impulses, then the electrical impulses are then converted to sound by amplifiers. Strings can alter the sound of a guitar by a large factor. Strings on acoustic guitars are much larger than on electric guitars. This is because acoustic guitars produce entirely their own sound where electric guitars can alter their sound by using amplifiers and foot pedals. Strings can also be made of different materials. Most strings for electric guitars are a type
In this essay, the author
- Explains that guitars are a versatile instrument capable of playing full 6 note chords, unlike most instruments. they also depend on physics to produce the sound they hear.
- Explains that electric guitars use pick-ups to transform the sound into electrical impulses, which are then converted to sound by amplifiers.
- Explains that acoustic guitars produce their own sound, while electric guitarists can alter their sound by using amplifiers and foot pedals.
- Explains that guitars are a versatile instrument capable of playing full 6 note chords, unlike most instruments. they also depend on physics to produce the sound they hear.
- Explains that electric guitars use pick-ups to transform the sound into electrical impulses, which are then converted to sound by amplifiers.
- Explains that acoustic guitars produce their own sound, while electric guitarists can alter their sound by using amplifiers and foot pedals.
- Explains that amps are how electric guitars produce most of their sound, since they don't have resonating chambers and smaller strings that produce smaller waves. to use an amp, the guitar needs pick-ups that turn the sound into electrical impulses.
- Explains that acoustic and electric guitars are very different in how they produce sound, but the basic principles of how the sound is created is the same.
- Explains that guitars are a wonderful, versatile instrument that can play up to 6 notes at once allowing the user to play full-bodied chords.
- Explains that guitars are the single most important instrument in modern music. they are inexpensive, portable, and can be learned easily at a beginner level.
- Explains that the guitar's route into american musical consciousness took it through hawaii, where it gave birth to an enormous craze for hawaiian music whose scope is often underestimated today.
- Explains that basic amps consist of a transistor and speaker. the transistor receives the electronic signal sent from the guitar and sends it to the speaker, which turns it into sound waves that travel through the air.
- Explains that electric guitars must use metal strings because the pick-ups rely on magnets to detect the string's vibrations, whereas the acoustic guitar uses metal, nylon, or combination of the two.
- Explains that guitars utilize many properties of waves to produce different sounds and effects. sound is produced when something vibrates sending waves through the air that your ears receive.
- Explains that sound waves travel through air, transporting energy from one location to another. the first coil of a slinky bumps into the second and third coils.
- Explains that sound waves act as both mechanical and longitudinal waves. mechanical waves require a medium to transport their energy from one location to another.
- Explains how mechanical waves are produced when the string pushes the air particles next to it, creating a chain reaction causing energy to travel from particle to particle until the energy is absorbed.
- Explains that waves are an important part of enjoying a guitar. harmonics depend on tension, density, and length of the string.
- Explains that each string has its own natural frequency. changing frets changes the length of the string since it cannot vibrate past the fret. waves with higher frequencies have a higher pitch.
- Explains that acoustic guitars are easily recognized for their large hollow resonating chamber. they use no magnets or electronics to create their full-bodied sound.
- Explains how the sound properties of acoustic guitars can get complicated. the strings are connected to tuning pins and the bridge plate on the resonating chamber.
- Explains that as a surface vibrates it creates nodes, which are places where there are no vibrations. the black rod is vibrating back and forth from the blue dotted line.
- Explains that the top boards on guitars also have these nodes, which are useful when tuning a finished guitar to be most efficient.
- Explains that electric guitars are basic in design because they do not require the guitar itself to produce the sound. they are equipped with pickups that convert the string's vibrations into electrical impulses.
- Explains that pickups work using a magnet wrapped with wire and strings that can be magnetized. the string vibrates near the pickup magnet causing the change in magnetic flow through the wires.
- Explains that amplifiers are used when using electric guitars to increase the volume of the guitar so it can be heard easier. the sound is received by the pick-ups located under the strings and electronic signals are sent to the amp.
- Explains that transistors create a stronger electrical signal to send to the speaker. they consist of three layers of semiconductors and three nodes.
- Explains that the speaker receives the signal from the transistor and turns it back into sound waves. the speaker uses a magnet and the electronic signals to recreate the sounds.
- Analyzes how the signal flows through wires, creating a negative charge around the core, pushing it away from the magnet, and causing the cone to vibrate.
- Cites works citedaec one stop group inc. "allmusic" and tom henderson's "the physics classroom."
2349 wordsRead More - Optical Amplifier Essayexplanatory essayones that proposes the building of an optical amplifier is Valentin A.Fabricant, which is a Russian engineer in his unpublished 1939 dissertation. However, serious attention and interest came only after Charles Townes used stimulated emissions to produce microwave oscillations in the Maser in1954. The first laser was built in 1960 by Theodore Main. Early laser developer proposed and saw amplification as a step to build a laser. The need for optical amplifier was created by Elias Snitzer, at American
In this essay, the author
- Explains that optical amplifiers were not taken seriously until 1916 by elbert einstein. the first laser was built in 1960 by theodore main and elias snitzer at american optical correpeaters.
- Explains that raman amplifier is a nonlinear effect in fiber-optical transmission that results in signal-amplification if optical pump waves with the correct wavelength are launched into the fiber.
- Explains that semiconductor optical amplifiers are based on a semiconductor gain medium. they are like laser diodes where the end mirrors have been replaced with anti-reflective coatings.
- Explains that optical amplifiers were not taken seriously until 1916 by elbert einstein. the first laser was built in 1960 by theodore main and elias snitzer at american optical correpeaters.
- Explains that raman amplifier is a nonlinear effect in fiber-optical transmission that results in signal-amplification if optical pump waves with the correct wavelength are launched into the fiber.
- Explains that semiconductor optical amplifiers are based on a semiconductor gain medium. they are like laser diodes where the end mirrors have been replaced with anti-reflective coatings.
- Explains that electrons lose their extra energy when photons travel through active region. this can cause the wavelength to match with initial ones.
- Describes the rare earth-doped fiber amplifier, which is a few meters long and heavily doped with erbium, er3+.
- Explains that the erbium doped fiber amplifier will be used to observe and obtain power gain and noise figure of m-12 fibercore. gain can be defined as ratio of output power to input power.
669 wordsRead More - The Physics of an AM Radio Receiverexplanatory essayexplained in more detail later on. In order to understand an AM receiver, one must understand each stage and what it does. An AM receiver can be broken down into six stages. These stages will be explained one at a time. The first stage is the RF amplifier. The AM antenna runs into the RF amp where the desired frequency is selected. As stated by Grob (1997), the typical band for AM is 535 Hz to 1605 KHz. For the duration of the paper, we will assume that we are trying to receive a station that is located
In this essay, the author
- Explains how the mixer and the local oscillator affect the next stage of the receiver.
- Explains that rush limbah can have his voice heard by people everywhere with the creation of an am radio.
- Explains that the am radio was not meant to broadcast music, but to carry voice frequencies, thus, all am talk radio stations. the first stage is the rf amplifier.
- Explains how the mixer and the local oscillator affect the next stage of the receiver.
- Explains that rush limbah can have his voice heard by people everywhere with the creation of an am radio.
- Explains that the am radio was not meant to broadcast music, but to carry voice frequencies, thus, all am talk radio stations. the first stage is the rf amplifier.
- Explains that the if amp is the intermediate frequency. the lc circuits must be tuned to resonate at 455 khz.
1268 wordsRead More - The Physics of an AM Radioexplanatory essayfrequency by more than 5K hertz, making a bandwidth of 10K hertz. After the quartz crystal, is an oscillator where the actual physics of the transmitter comes in. The oscillator is made up of a variety of electronics components including an operational amplifier and a combination of resistors and capacitors. Resistors are defined as-The impedance to the flow of electric current. The resistance is equal to the voltage across the object divided by the current through it. Measured in volts per ampere, or
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the receiver of an am radio is made of three basic parts: the antenna, the mixer and the oscillator.
- Describes the automatic gain control circuit to maintain a constant audio level at the detector regardless of the strength of incoming signals.
- Explains that many people enjoy listening to am radio because of how convenient it is to listen and catch up on the sports, weather or just enjoy the entertainment of listen to rush or dr. laura, but don't know how the signal that carries these programs is sent or even received.
- Explains that the receiver of an am radio is made of three basic parts: the antenna, the mixer and the oscillator.
- Describes the automatic gain control circuit to maintain a constant audio level at the detector regardless of the strength of incoming signals.
- Explains that many people enjoy listening to am radio because of how convenient it is to listen and catch up on the sports, weather or just enjoy the entertainment of listen to rush or dr. laura, but don't know how the signal that carries these programs is sent or even received.
- Explains the physics of the transmitter, which is made up of an operational amplifier and a combination of resistors and capacitors.
- Explains that the receiver's next stage is the first of two if(intermediate frequency) amplifiers. the second if amplifier increases the amplitude of the intermediate frequency and provides selectivity.
- Explains the physics behind how an am radio works — it combines basic electronics knowledge and in-depth electronics such as amplification and rectification.
1738 wordsRead More - Disadvantages Of Stompboxopinion essayThe foot pedal or "stompbox" as it's more affectionately known, is the most common form (and for guitar die-hards the most desirable) of guitar effect unit. A typical arrangement for a stompbox will consist of a metal box encasing the unit's circuitry, on top of which will be a footswitch to turn the effect on or bypass it, along with one or more rotary controls to alter the parameters of the effect. On one side of the unit you'll usually find an input jack for the signal from your guitar, along
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the foot pedal or "stompbox" is the most common form of guitar effect unit. it consists of a metal box encasing the unit's circuitry, on top of which are rotary controls to alter the parameters of the effect.
- Explains that stompboxes can be chained one after the other, with the last output from the chain going into your amp. they can layer up or reduce effects by switching the boxes on or off via their footwitches.
- Opines that stompboxes are highly coveted by guitarists, as they can select exactly what they want, unit by unit, giving them near total control on the shaping of their sound.
- Explains that the foot pedal or "stompbox" is the most common form of guitar effect unit. it consists of a metal box encasing the unit's circuitry, on top of which are rotary controls to alter the parameters of the effect.
- Explains that stompboxes can be chained one after the other, with the last output from the chain going into your amp. they can layer up or reduce effects by switching the boxes on or off via their footwitches.
- Opines that stompboxes are highly coveted by guitarists, as they can select exactly what they want, unit by unit, giving them near total control on the shaping of their sound.
- Explains that the amount of pedals produced for various effect types is simply too massive to go into detail here. some famous brands and models you might want to look at to give you an idea of what's on offer are; boss (ds-1 distortion, ch-1 super chorus, dd-7 digital delay), electro harmonix (memory man, big muff, small clone), mxr (phase 90, dyna comp), and digitech
- Opines that multi-fx units can be used to combine a pile of effects into one unit.
- Describes "amp-modelling" as circuitry within the unit intended to simulate various types of guitar amp, allowing you to do away with a physical amp altogether and play through conventional speakers.
- Opines that this type of unit is a compromise, and that you simply won't get the tonal quality out of them.
- Compares zoom's early example of combining many effects into one small unit, but the results weren't particularly great. overdrive and distortion tones were a real problem.
- Opines that budget-conscious consumers get a lot more bang for their buck these days than when they bought their first electric.
- Recommends behringer's range of stompboxes for overdrive, distortion, modulation, compression, delays, and reverbs.
- Analyzes the value for money factor of behringer's pedals. they are made of durable plastic, which is key to keeping costs down.
944 wordsRead More - Examples Of Music Autobiographyexplanatory essayMusic Autobiography Music has been a big part of my life since I was young. I was seven years old when I received my first guitar. It was a black electric guitar that my parents purchased at Walmart. It had a tiny amp and a cable jack that came with it. I never could play any songs on the guitar, just some really loud noises that probably annoyed my parents. I started listening to rock music after I got the electric guitar because I liked the loud guitar and the powerful drums. Another influence
In this essay, the author
- Explains that music has been a big part of their life since they were seven years old. they started listening to rock music after they got the electric guitar because they liked the loud guitar and the powerful drums.
- Opines that after seeing their first rock concert, they knew that they wanted to see more of them. after hours of begging, their parents finally let them attend.
- Explains that after seeing numerous shows, they decided that they wanted to play music themselves. after two and a half years, their love for rock music grew larger.
- Explains that music has been a big part of their life since they were seven years old. they started listening to rock music after they got the electric guitar because they liked the loud guitar and the powerful drums.
- Opines that after seeing their first rock concert, they knew that they wanted to see more of them. after hours of begging, their parents finally let them attend.
- Explains that after seeing numerous shows, they decided that they wanted to play music themselves. after two and a half years, their love for rock music grew larger.
- Explains that playing the guitar was easy compared to playing a mandolin and it made them better at the instrument faster. they believe that if you love what you are playing, then you will get better.
- Explains that they started listening to other guitar players more carefully to try to pick up some of the techniques they were using to better their sound.
- Describes how they quit taking lessons because their teacher said he taught them everything about the guitar. they continue to learn songs on their own and try to improve themselves.
- Opines that one concert changed their life forever and inspired them to start playing music on their own.
- Opines that they have started to write their own music and melodies. they hope to play in front of thousands of people and inspire young kids.
718 wordsRead More - Physics of the Electric Guitar and Ampexplanatory essaythings could affect the instrument's qualities, such as the types of lacquer used or what kind of strings are used. The guitar amp is an instrument in itself just as a guitar, not all amps are created equally. An amplifier allows the guitarist to express his playing to the world. Some amplifiers are made using really simple vacuum tube circuits, and others are made from really complex solid state circuitry. Not any two similar guitars will sound alike, just as how any two similar people are not exactly
In this essay, the author
- Explains that a guitar is an instrument made out of wood or other wood-like materials. an amplifier allows the guitarist to express his playing to the world.
- Explains that the electric guitar is a simple combination of hardwoods. the body is solid piece of alder with quilt maple ply glued to the top.
- Explains how an electric guitar generates its own electricity. the pickups generate electricity and the strings vibrate around a wire and magnet coil, producing an alternating current.
- Explains that a guitar is an instrument made out of wood or other wood-like materials. an amplifier allows the guitarist to express his playing to the world.
- Explains that the electric guitar is a simple combination of hardwoods. the body is solid piece of alder with quilt maple ply glued to the top.
- Explains how an electric guitar generates its own electricity. the pickups generate electricity and the strings vibrate around a wire and magnet coil, producing an alternating current.
- Explains the importance of having an adjustable truss rod in a guitar neck. guitar players like the late stevie ray vaughan used really heavy string gauges (.013"-.056) which created so much tension.
- Explains that an electric guitar cannot be heard without an amp. vacuum tubes are obsolete and not very practical since the modern transistor could be used to amplify a signal.
- Compares the price of vacuum tubes to transistors and explains the difference in sound between a tube amp and solid state amp.
- Explains that 15 watt amps solid state or tube would maintain the same volumes, but a tube amp seems very loud compared to the solid-state counterpart due to harmonics that tubes create.
- Explains that guitar amps were based on radio circuits. the guitar signal is amplified into a larger signal or current and looped into the speaker.
- Explains that effects are connected between the guitar and amp; amps have an effects loop that loops the preamp stage of an amp to the input of the effects unit.
853 wordsRead More - Electric Guitars And Ampsexplanatory essayPhysics of Electric Guitars and Amps There are many different types of guitars out there such as the electric guitar, acoustic guitar, bass guitar, steel guitar, and the resonator guitar. They even have different sub genres inside each type of guitar defined by body shape, brand, and model name. Rock music is characterized into different genres of rock, and even sometimes judged, by the tone and style played by the musician on the instrument. The guitar is the second most played instrument in the
In this essay, the author
- Explains the physics behind electric guitars and amps. rock music is characterized into different genres of rock, and sometimes judged by the tone and style played.
- Explains the differences between electric and acoustic guitars. both have six strings varying in size, and have tuning pegs on the head stock.
- Explains that there are many different types of pickups, from single coil, humbuckers, passive, and active.
- Explains the physics behind electric guitars and amps. rock music is characterized into different genres of rock, and sometimes judged by the tone and style played.
- Explains the differences between electric and acoustic guitars. both have six strings varying in size, and have tuning pegs on the head stock.
- Explains that there are many different types of pickups, from single coil, humbuckers, passive, and active.
- Explains that active pickups require an external power source, usually one or two nine volt batteries, and a preamp controlled by knobs on the guitar to create the sound.
- Explains that preamps are used to control the gain, tone, and output impendence of an amp. each amp is different and requires different amount of signal to work properly.
- Explains that there are four different kinds of amps, namely tubes, diodes, triodes and pentodes.
- Explains that solid state amps use a transistor instead of vacuum tubes to recreate the signal coming from the guitar.
- Explains that the third kind of speaker is a hybrid amp which uses both tubes and transistors to amplify the signal.
- Explains that the physics behind how electric guitars and their amps work is a relatively complicated subject for someone who has no idea on what it is.
837 wordsRead More - Science Projectexplanatory essayAlso, we were able to generate the waves that would give us extra credit (a triangle wave and approximations to a sine wave). We also discovered a way to easily vary frequency and amplitude. 2.Introduction This experiment uses four operational amplifiers (opamps) to deliver these waveforms in the 6 Hz to 7000 Hz range. The sine wave is a pseudo sine wave produces by a very simple wave Shaping circuit. A digital counter can be used along with a DAC to generate analog voltage functions of time such
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the project required them to design and build a circuit that generates specified functions on the oscilloscope, and to draw graphs to show how the various functions were generated digitally.
- Describes how the experiment uses four operational amplifiers (opamps) to deliver waveforms in the 6hz to 7000hz range. the pseudo sine wave is produced by a very simple waveshaping circuit.
- Explains that they thought of alternatives that would increase efficiency, but decided to stick with this project because they had already put in much thought and work into this particular project.
- Explains that the project required them to design and build a circuit that generates specified functions on the oscilloscope, and to draw graphs to show how the various functions were generated digitally.
- Describes how the experiment uses four operational amplifiers (opamps) to deliver waveforms in the 6hz to 7000hz range. the pseudo sine wave is produced by a very simple waveshaping circuit.
- Explains that they thought of alternatives that would increase efficiency, but decided to stick with this project because they had already put in much thought and work into this particular project.
- Explains that the lm348 is a quad operational amplifier ic package, which contains four separate opamps all in one. the input to pin 12 depends on two things.
- Explains that switching between the two states causes a square wave to be produced. the time constant determines the frequency.
- Explains that opamp d is a bi-directional threshold detector with positive feedback provided by r3. opamp c is an integrator and performs the mathematical operation of integration with respect to time.
- Explains that the frequency depends on the value of the integration capacitor. the input triangle wave does not require amplification but it does require buffering.
- Describes the effect of the waveform generator circuit, which is buffered with opamp a connected as a unity gain buffer.
- Explains that filtering causes distortion at lower frequencies and loss of amplitude at higher frequencies. sine waves are sensitive to loading and need amplification.
- Explains how the opamp reduces the output voltage until the inverting input voltage is equal to the non-inverter voltage. the ratio of the values of r10 to r9 gives the gain.
- Explains that they were successful in completing the objectives set forth by the project description, and the following write-up.
- Recommends this project to any incoming students taking this class. if we were to redesign, we would draw the schematic before the actual construction of the circuit.
- Explains that poor soldering is the most likely reason that the circuit doesn't work.
1275 wordsRead More - Moving With A Pet Easier Research Papercomparative essayGoal: to post tips on how to make moving with a pet easier Total Word Count In This Document: 879 Title: ?9 Ways To Make Moving With A Pet Easier? Are you planning for a big move soon? Do you have a pet in your family? Are you worried that your pet will make your big move harder, or that you?ll have to leave your furry loved one behind? If so, then don?t be. Your pet shouldn?t have to make your move more of a hassle than it already is. Here are nine ways to make moving to a new location with your
In this essay, the author
- Explains that if you have a pet in your family, you shouldn't be worried that it will make your big move harder. here are nine ways to make moving easier with your pet.
- Advises that if you have a pet and plan on moving, make sure the house you pick to move into is pet-friendly. no one wants to leave their pet behind or be forced to put them up for adoption.
- Explains that not registering your pet or making sure their vaccinations are up to date can make the process of moving more difficult than it needs to be.
- Explains that if you have a pet in your family, you shouldn't be worried that it will make your big move harder. here are nine ways to make moving easier with your pet.
- Advises that if you have a pet and plan on moving, make sure the house you pick to move into is pet-friendly. no one wants to leave their pet behind or be forced to put them up for adoption.
- Explains that not registering your pet or making sure their vaccinations are up to date can make the process of moving more difficult than it needs to be.
- Advises pet owners to familiarize their pets with the crate and make it more accommodating for them, rather than having them dread it as a prison.
- Explains that pets have a sixth sense, meaning they'll be anxious, uncomfortable, and scared during moving day because of all the hubbub and uncertainty on their part. if you are moving by car, your pet will be moving to and fro in the car.
- Advises pet owners to stop at gas stations along the way to stretch and take their pet out of the crate and the car for some fresh air and exercise.
- Advises pet owners not to cram their pet's crate in the back of their car with boxes and bags full of belongings. if possible, try to make room in their backseat where they'll be closer to you.
- Advises dog owners to ensure their dog is getting enough food and water during the move, especially if it requires a long car ride. hunger and dehydration, which the anxiety of moving can instigate, will only make moving day worse.
- Recommends packing toys in your pet's crate so they can play or chew on something familiar to them, which will keep their mind off the stress of moving and your mind at ease throughout the big day.
- Explains how to pet-proof a home to make it extra safe and accommodating for your pet. make sure fences, windows, or doors are secure to prevent running away or any predators from coming in.
870 wordsRead More - Abstract- In this paper a dual-mode Power/ Performance optimized mode is presented. This dual-operating mode SRAM compensates the delay in Speed-Optimized mode by powering down the pre-charge voltage in the cases the sense amplifiers are slower than designed and a same approach for Power-Optimized mode is applied in which the access time is increased in each iteration. The proposed scheme with a macro cell representing a column with 512 cells is implemented in 0.18um CMOS technology. 45% improvement
In this essay, the author
- Presents a dual-mode power/performance optimized mode, which compensates the delay in speed-optimized mode by powering down the pre-charge voltage in the cases the sense amplifiers are slower than designed.
- Explains how the hybrid current sense amplifier extracts the circuit parameters needed in the design of our proposed dual mode power/speed optimized sram.
- Explains that the vbl is the bitline voltage at the end of poc phase.
- Presents a dual-mode power/performance optimized mode, which compensates the delay in speed-optimized mode by powering down the pre-charge voltage in the cases the sense amplifiers are slower than designed.
- Explains how the hybrid current sense amplifier extracts the circuit parameters needed in the design of our proposed dual mode power/speed optimized sram.
- Explains that the vbl is the bitline voltage at the end of poc phase.
- Explains that embedded srams are hugely important components of modern chips. they are used in caches, register files, fifos.
- Describes the sense amplifier, which consists of a current pre-sense amplifier and conventional voltage sense amplifier.
- Explains that the threshold voltage mismatch between m1 and m2 models the offset of csa. this type of modeling is widely used in the context of differential sa schemes.
- Explains that longer tpoc results in a smaller vos,res, and the smaller the vprebl, the bigger offset is cancelled. the psa output voltage is the sum of two contradicting terms.
- Cites seevinck, van beers, ontrop, sharifkhani, rahiminejad, jahinuzzaman, sachdev, and brodersen, r.w.
1182 wordsRead More - Optical Amplification Essayexplanatory essaydevelop amplifiers from semiconductor laser to be used as light sources. This is because of semiconductor have high gain. Laser made up with high gain and low noise is categorized as the best laser. Diagram 1 : The general form of an Optical Amplifier The main type of Optical amplifier consists of three types which is Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA), Raman Optical Amplifier and Rear-earth doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA). Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) is a type of optical amplifier that
In this essay, the author
- Explains that optical amplification is started from some emission but it is not exposed yet until albert einstein proposed in 1916. after 1954, townes and arthur schawlow also with gordon gould proposed laser action.
- Explains the three types of optical amplifiers: semiconductors, raman, and rear-earth-doped fiber amplifiers.
- Explains that raman optical amplifier is widely used in fiber-optic transmission systems. it has high gain fibers with low loss, pump power laser diodes, and can be replaced by any size optics.
- Explains that optical amplification is started from some emission but it is not exposed yet until albert einstein proposed in 1916. after 1954, townes and arthur schawlow also with gordon gould proposed laser action.
- Explains the three types of optical amplifiers: semiconductors, raman, and rear-earth-doped fiber amplifiers.
- Explains that raman optical amplifier is widely used in fiber-optic transmission systems. it has high gain fibers with low loss, pump power laser diodes, and can be replaced by any size optics.
- Explains that erbium doped fiber amplifiers can amplify signals at low loss, have wide spectral band amplification, and have relative flat gain (> 20 db).
- Explains that the optical gain in an optical amplifier can be defined as the ratio of the optical signal power at the input to the output.
- Explains that the gain is measured in db and exist in the range of 10 until 30. noise figure is the measure of the signal-to-noise ratio between input and output of a component.
- Explains the basic principle used in optical amplifier, which is the spontaneous emission and the stimulated emission.
663 wordsRead More