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Women: Sexual Beings A View Into the Social Stigmatization of Women Throughout an American woman’s lifetime we are told to be lady-like, classy, sophisticated, and non-masculine. We are taught that if we are like a man, we are unworthy. If we are sexual beings, we are manly; only men think of sex. As women, sex is taught to be for reproduction, not pleasure. But what if these ideals were not taught? What if sex were not socially stigmatized for women, but was praised as it is for men? Better yet, the question that should be the most focused on is, if not for the social stigma presented to women through the beginning of their lives and continued on through media, peer groups [fill in extra findings here], would they have the same sexual drive, urges, and thoughts that men are perceived to have? Women are sanctioned to believe that they are lesser of a woman if they have male stereotyped tendencies, including ideals about sex. Women who ignore the social stigma are placed in a category that does not exist for men; a box of damnation, gaining degrading names, stereotypes, and typically are looked at as a physical being/ an object, rather than a human being who deserves respect. Sexuality is the hypocrisy that is “acceptable” among the people, and in the simplest of statements, it’s wrong. In America, we are raised with the viewpoint that it is acceptable to use language in a way that makes a woman feel lesser than who she deserves to be if she is a sexual being, like that of a man. “There has been a shadow cast over that part of our beings, as if our sex dwelt in the cave-sucking underneath, relating to darkness and to death, the devouring dark side of nature.” (Chester, 1988, p.3) Through this research I’m dedicated to finding ... ... middle of paper ... ...ce Journal, 44, 677-686. Elmerstig, E., Wijma, B., Sandell, K., & Berterӧ, C. (2012). “Sexual pleasure on equal terms”: Young women’s ideal sexual situations. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 33, (3), 129-134. Jackson, S. M., & Cram, F. (2003). Disrupting the sexual double standard: Young women’s talk about heterosexuality. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 113-127. Murnen, S. K. (2000). Gender and the use of sexually degrading language. Psychology Of Women Quarterly, 24(4), 319. Web. Peplau, L. (2003). Human sexuality: How do men and women differ? Current Directions In Psychological Science (Wiley-Blackwell), 12, (2), 37-40. Web. Rudman, L. A., Fetterolf, J. C., & Sanchez, D. T. (2012). What motivates the sexual double standard? More support for male versus female control theory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39,(2), 250-263.
It is undeniably true that an equality of the sexes exists today that was not even imagined in the medieval era. However, this rise in respect for women does not guarantee that all of the prejudices and stereotypes from preceding centuries have fallen by the wayside; on the contrary, most of the same archetypes are alive and well, even if modified to suit a new world. From the unattainably perfect virgin to the sexually insatiable temptress, these images appear throughout modern culture-but the disturbing nature of their existence is made far worse by the complacency with which women accept and further them. In many places, control of the image of women has passed into their own hands, yet broad generalizations and negative suggestions continue to fill daily life.
Travis, Cheryl Brown, Kayce L. Meginnis, and Kristin M. Bardari. "Beauty, Sexuality, and Identity: The Social Control of Women." Sexuality, Society, and Feminism. Ed. Cheryl Brown Travis and Jacquelyn W. White. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2000.
Masters and Johnson were a pioneering team in the field of human sexuality, both in the domains of research and therapy. William Howell Masters, a gynecologist, was born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1915. Virginia Eshelman Johnson, a psychologist, was born in Springfield, Montana in 1925. To fully appreciate their contribution, it is necessary to see their work in historic context. In 1948, Alfred C. Kinsey and his co-workers, responding to a request by female students at Indiana University for more information on human sexual behavior, published the book Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. They followed this five years later with Sexual Behavior in the Human Female. These books began a revolution in social awareness of and public attention given to human sexuality. At the time, public morality severely restricted open discussion of sexuality as a human characteristic, and specific sexual practices, especially sexual behaviors that did not lead to procreation. Kinsey's books, which among other things reported findings on the frequency of various sexual practices including homosexuality, caused a furor. Some people felt that the study of sexual behavior would undermine the family structure and damage American society. It was in this climate - one of incipient efforts to break through the denial of human sexuality and considerable resistance to these efforts - that Masters and Johnson began their work. Their primary contribution has been to help define sexuality as a healthy human trait and the experience of great pleasure and deep intimacy during sex as socially acceptable goals. As a physician interested in the nature of sexuality and the sexual experience, William Masters wanted to conduct research that would lead to an objective understanding of these topics. In 1957, he hired Virgina Johnson as a research assistant to begin this research issue. Together they developed polygraph-like instruments that were designed to measure human sexual response. Using these tools, Masters and Johnson initiated a project that ultimately included direct laboratory observation and measurement of 700 men and women while they were having intercourse or masturbating. Based on the data collected in this study, they co-authored the book Human Sexual Response in 1966. In this book, they identify and describe four phases in the human sexual response cycle : excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. By this point in time, the generally repressive attitude toward sexuality was beginning to lift and the book found a ready audience.
References to Kurt Freund’s studies to “assess sexual arousal in men and women” and Alfred Kinsey’s “sexual orientation” scale are made to further explain how sexuality and asexuality are not solid concepts with strict definitions of their own but rather more multifarious. For
Generally, if a woman sleeps around with a bunch of guys, society labels her as a “slut” and she’s viewed in a negative light, however, if a man sleeps around with a bunch of girls, society, considers him to be masculine and he’s viewed in a positive light. These types of moral assumptions that come with having sex, naturally place women on the bottom. Although things have become more progressive, with more women feeling comfortable to be sexually active despite the antiquated negative stereotypes, objectification of women in relation to sexuality is still entirely too
Willoughby, B. J., & Vitas, J. (2012). Sexual desire discrepancy: The effect of individual differences in desired and actual sexual frequency on dating couples. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(2), 477-86. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-011-9766-9
“…sex attains meaning in social relations, which implies that we can only make appropriate choices around sexuality by understanding its social, cultueral and political context.” (Quote: 9293 jeffrey weeks)
Kreager ,A. D. & Staff, J. (2009). The sexual double standard and adolescent peer acceptance.
Our sexuality, whether male or female, comes as an essential good that is a part of our very being and guides us on how we must act accordingly. Being male or female makes us sexually different, which is why men are assumed to be physically stronger whereas women are claimed to be able to handle simultaneous complexities of life (Borja, 2013). However, this does not imply that there is a more superior gender and an inferior one. Today we live in a patriarchal ruled society where women have to constantly strive and fight for their place in society. Women need to prove their competence as to not be regarded as a weakling or merely as the other, while on the other hand, men do not really need to put much effort and attention to these issues because they are already considered as the one and are on the top of the social pyramid.
From birth, one's sexuality is shaped by society. Cultures institute behaviors that are to be seen as the societal norms, which work to constantly reinforce societal expectations of how genders should act in relation to one another. Although some may argue that one's sexuality is an innate characteristic resulting from genetic makeup, there is a large amount of evidence pointing to its social construction instead. Through the power differences between males and females, established gender roles, and drastic economic shifts, society establishes sexuality and reinforces the behaviors that are expected of its citizens.
Previous research has reported several gender differences between men and women regarding the desire for sex. According to Randy J. Larson and David M. Buss's book Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature, men view pornography more often than women (d=.63). Men also desire more sexual partners, have more frequent sexual partners, and are more willing to accept offers of sex from a stranger (Hald & Hogh-Olesen, 2010). Evolutionarily, sex differences have relied on parental investment and sexual selection theory. The sex that invests less in offspring is less discriminatory in their selection of a mate. Because women have more of an obligatory role in parental investment, they place greater importance on mate selection whereas men place a greater value on a woman’s physical appearance. Although men score higher in ratings pertaining to the desire for sex, women score higher in emotional investment. Women tend to score higher on items such as passionate, cuddlesome, affectionate, and romantic (Larson & Buss 2014).
Throughout Western civilization, culturally hegemonic views on gender and sexuality have upheld a rigid and monolithic societal structure, resulting in the marginalization and dehumanization of millions of individuals who differ from the expected norm. Whether they are ridiculed as freaks, persecuted as blasphemers, or discriminated as sub-human, these individuals have been historically treated as invisible and pushed into vulnerable positions, resulting in cycles of poverty and oppression that remain prevalent even in modern times. Today, while many of these individuals are not publicly displayed as freaks or persecuted under Western law, women, queer, and intersexed persons within our society still nonetheless find themselves under constant
Block, J.H. (1976) Conceptions of sex role: Some cross-cultural and longitudinal perspectives. American Psychologist, 28, 512-526.
Gender and sexuality can be comprehended through social science. Social science is “the study of human society and of individual relationships in and to society” (free dictionary, 2009). The study of social science deals with different aspects of society such as politics, economics, and the social aspects of society. Gender identity is closely interlinked with social science as it is based on an identity of an individual in the society. Sexuality is “the condition of being characterized and distinguished by sex” (free dictionary, 2009). There are different gender identities such as male, female, gay, lesbian, transgender, and bisexual that exists all around the world. There is inequality in gender identities and dominance of a male regardless of which sexuality they fall under. The males are superior over the females and gays superior over the lesbians, however it different depending on the place and circumstances. This paper will look at the gender roles and stereotypes, social policy, and homosexuality from a modern and a traditional society perspective. The three different areas will be compared by the two different societies to understand how much changes has occurred and whether or not anything has really changed. In general a traditional society is more conservative where as a modern society is fundamentally liberal. This is to say that a traditional society lists certain roles depending on the gender and there are stereotypes that are connected with the genders. One must obey the one that is dominant and make decisions. On the other hand, a modern society is lenient, It accepts the individual’s identity and sexuality. There is no inequality and everyone in the society is to be seen as individuals not a part of a family unit...
Gender roles and identity are constantly shifting throughout different societal generations. Men and woman both have notable similarities and differences in genders and they each contribute to their personalities and actions. In the past men have been viewed as a more dominant sex in society over women, both in careers, home life, and sexually, however, today women have bridged many of the gaps and society is accepting a more equal view of genders. The following examines the similarities and differences between men and woman by looking at biological characteristics, gender roles, and sexual responses.