Literature Survey:
Cooperative diversity for a simple three-terminal relay channel was first introduced in [12]. Later, in [1], several improvements were made in capacity bounds and cooperative schemes, such as decode-and-forward, were introduced. Modifications to amplify-and-forward scheme were proposed in [13-16]. Based on these, more relaying schemes were introduced in [17-24]. The performance and other characteristics of the aforementioned schemes in several environments were studied in [17-27]. Extensions to a multi-terminal, multihop network were made in [13-17], where a clustered model and ad hoc network architecture were studied and useful results for transmit and receive diversity gains and relaying strategies were obtained. Although compared to MIMO full diversity gains are not achieved due to single antenna elements, data rate gains can be achieved compared to the non-cooperative cases [13]. Cooperative spatial multiplexing schemes are also studied in [9-10, 28-29]. The cooperative form of decode and forward scheme for single antenna terminals, which provide spatial diversity, is analyzed in this project.
Cooperative space-time coding introduced numerous problems to be solved, such as the terminal localization, time synchronization and distributed processing between the Cooperative terminals. Cooperative space-time coding for clustered networks is still under development. In [7] a short range link is proposed in each cluster to achieve synchronization and combined processing for Alamouti space-time coding. In [8] the performance of cooperative space-time coding is studied. Generally, cooperative space time codes adopt both cooperative diversity schemes and cooperative spatial multiplexing schemes [11]. The success of ...
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...sidering the high SNR behavior of the outage probability based on cumulative distributed function (CDF) of certain exponential random variables. Various cooperation protocols were also proposed for wireless networks in order to combat the severe effect of fading. Zhao, Yi et al. presented an asymptotic analysis of SER for selection amplify and forward system [17, 18] and compared it with the conventional all participate scheme. Seddik, Karim G., et al. derived the outage probability of multi node amplify and forward system with N nodes helping the source in forwarding the information. Sadek et al. in [21] derived the closed form SER for PSK and QAM signals.
There are various proposed protocols in literature for the selection of best relay among a collection of available relays. In [28], authors proposed to choose the best relay based on its geographical location.
Enclosed is a rough high-level conceptual view of the communication channels. This is very preliminary as we don't what suitable devices we can use for multiplexers, demux, and converters. The idea is to design a full-duplex serial com link between point A and B. The bandwidth is limited in the copper wiring (telephone line) probably would not go any higher than 115 kbps using a modem a constraint distance of 5 miles.
-Assume the transmission range of each node (usually all the nodes have the same range).
Messages distributed by institutions such as the media have the potential to reach very large and anonymous audiences in a process called mass communication. In the movie Super Size Me, Morgan Spurlock documents a month of eating McDonald's, only to prove how food media affects the way Americans are living extremely unhealthy lives. According to The Mediated Communication Process (modified Westley-MacLean model) communication starts with an event, which in this case is the two teenage girls that decided to sue McDonald's for their obesity, then there are sources, a message, a communicator, another message and then the audience.
45. What does the term 'mutual simultaneous shaping' mean? Why is this desirable? How is this different than a laboratory study? Mutual simultaneous shaping is the fact that there are so many variables in every situation that it is hard to assume cause and effect. Everything affects everything, making it confusing to lead the effect to one specific cause. This can be desirable because you can capture the complexity of the situation and the situation/interaction is not limited only a few elements.
The Unistep IRP Elexol EtherIO 24 Module is a network board that enables multiple devices to connect to an Ethernet network, communicate with each other, and relay information when changes occur. The IRP module is a micro-controller, integrated with many features for interacting with devices connected on a generic local area network; this module was designed to be used in conjunction with other network devices or modules. Some of the applications for the device include industrial automation, digital input and output functions, system monitoring, remote data accessing, controlled machinery, and remote power control.
Utility meters can be used to help keep energy costs and environmental impact under control. We provide complete turn-key solutions with provision for networking the data from these utilities to interface with Automated Meter Reading (AMR) systems. We supply, service and commission meters for:
Simultaneous communication, also known as Sim-com is a form of communication process that utilizes both signs and sound. Quite often Sim-com has been referred to as a sign supported speech; these signs are usually in English in order to ensure that there is fluency in the language. In this, it is noted that some other non-verbal cues like the use of finger spelling and visual aids which rhyme to the spoken language can be used. Simultaneous communication has always been known to be a form of communication that is intended to help people who have hearing problems (deaf) understand what is being said. In this, it is realized that over the years, Sim-com has been able to utilize other systems of communication like seeing essential English. Sim-com has proven its advantageous use in both the deaf and hearing people because it presents both the spoken language and also the non-verbal. Simultaneous language is not only used by the deaf, but also used when communicating with students at the preschool level. This is important because these children tend not to understand verbal communication fully (Beginnings, 2014).
Spectrum Decision Making calls for reconfiguration for the channel and protocol required for constantly adapting to mobile changing environments and adjustment of output power or even alteration of transmission parameters (such as modulation formats (e.g. low to high order QAM), variable symbol rates, different channel coding schemes) and characteristics by the Cognitive radio devices. CR should be able to use multiple antennas for interference knolling, capacity increase or range extension.
Print. The. Gordon A. Gow, and Richard K. Smith. Mobile and wireless communications: an introduction, McGraw-Hill International, 2006. Print.
From this picture it is evident that ground waves don't go very far. This means numerous stations can be put on the same frequency without interfering with each other — assuming they are far enough apart. Problems found are that sky waves can end up in other states, provinces, or even in other countries.
Theories of Communications, is a course that allowed me to further gain a far better perspective and has also broadened my understanding and knowledge of some of the major theories. I appreciate the fact, that during the course of the semester, this class really did an admirable job introducing me to a variety of well known and widely studied theories in the communication feild. One of the biggest things I took out of this class, was how the class impled me to learn how to apply some of the theories to my life in a practical way through some of the class activities, readings, group work, presentations, and assignments. In the following paper, there will be three main things I will be covering. I will start off by introducing all members of my family, and describing a little bit about them individually. I will then be talking about the five theories I selected that I can applyto myself and my family. I will then describe each of the five theories, give an example of my own families experiance that aplies to the theories, and give an analysis of the experiance using the theory. And lastly, I will share with you my conclucion, which will conclude basically all of the things that I learned through writing this paper.
In today’s technological culture the term Wi-Fi is omnipresent and almost every device intended to connect to the internet has corresponding hardware. In the following chapters the components of this transmission standard will be examined and the basic concepts explained. The specifications and changes to this standard are extensive and therefore only the most important aspects are considered. The information originates from the IEEE standardization committee and two independent and recently published books. The standard will be explained, followed by the historical details and the protocol changes over time. After this the actual use and functionality is described and in the end will be a look at future trends.
Communication is the sharing of information between two or more persons or groups to reach a common understanding. In the communication, the information or ideas conveyed must be understood. Effective communication allows participants to properly exchange ideas. Communication is the two way process of exchanging information. Communication can be done through oral, verbal and written communication. Information is transmitted as words, tone of voice, and gestures and postures. Information can be shared face to face or by telephone, fax, e-mail, text messaging, videoconferencing, electronic-portfolios, chat, memos, letters, reports, etc. The number and types of methods increase as information technology systems become ever more involving a great deal of worldly experience and knowledge.
...ugh power transmitters with strong antennae are located on earth’s ground stations, a lot of signal loss does occur while transmitting the messages to space since the signal weakens the further it is beamed. This presents little problem as the strength of the signal received on the up link is not as critical as that received on the downlink. The downlink signal is critical because the signal transmitted from the satellite is very low in power [8].
People in the present society have turned from the use of the old means of communication to the more advanced and technological ways of communicating. Technology has made it easier for people to communicate in a faster, efficient, and cost saving means through the introduction of the communication channels. The world has turned out to be the centre for technology with different technologies emerging daily as the people continue to develop from time to time to cope with the growing technology. The benefits of adopting the communication technology are explained in this article which shows why people do not function without technology.