The Treaty of Berlin (1878) would turn out to be one of the most imperative treaties to the development of World War I. The nationalistic and imperialistic desires for each country played a major role in what they demanded during negotiations. In order to unite the Slavic people of the Balkans, Serbia wanted to establish a pure slavic state. Austria-Hungary sought to get more land and stop the Pan-Slavic movement that would endanger the health and peace of the kingdom. In addition, Russia sought to amalgamate and emancipate the Slavic groups from the Ottomans, gain influence in the Balkans, and obtain respect in the eyes of their European contemporaries. However, Britain and France attempted to limit Russia’s involvement in the Balkans and
The Berlin Treaty, which was signed in 1878 between the Ottoman Empire, Russian Empire, United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany and Italy, revised the Treaty of San Stefano in the same year, was the turning point for Armenian Question and Eastern Question. As a result of this treaty, the situation in the Balkans was settled to a large extent by the European Powers in accordance with their interest. However, the Armenian Question was suspended for the next decades. The decision taken by European Powers as to Armenia during the Berlin Treaty was that the Sublime Port would make reforms in the places where the population mostly consist of the Armenians.
There was a long-standing rivalry between Austria-Hungary and Russia due to their interests in the Balkans. Russia saw her role as leading and supporting her fellow Slav peoples in the Balkans. This Pan-Slav concept provided an ideal excuse to interfere in the Balkans and to extend Russia's influence towards the Eastern Mediterranean. Ideally Russia wished to open the Dardenelles straits to its warships. Austria-Hungary was concerned that this Russian encouragement of nationalism may threaten her borders and inspire nationalism within her own empire. In turn, Germany recognised that as Austria's closest ally her fate was linked with that of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Austria-Hungary was anxious to prevent Russian encroachment in the Balkans. This aim would be best served by the elimination of Serbia, Russia's Balkan ally. In 1878, Russia was humiliated at the Congress of Berlin when her proposal for a Greater Bulgarian state was rejected and Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia to maintain order amongst the nationalist revolts.
The alliances among the European countries made it so that once one country was in war, its allies would also have to join the conflict. Moreover, the rigid structure of the alliances also made it difficult to back out of war once it began. One of the conditions stated between the alliance of France and Russia in the Triple Entente said, “In case the forces of the Triple Alliance [...] should mobilize, France and Russia, at the first news of the event without the necessity of any previous convert, shall mobilize immediately [...] the whole of their forces” (DBQ Document E). This relationship was not uncommon, as it can also be seen between Germany and Austria-Hungary (DBQ Background). Due to the European nations’ unwavering support for each other militarily, war between two countries could no longer remain between just the two . As a result, when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia in 1914 in the start of the First World War, their respective allies - Germany and Russia - entered the war as well (DBQ
The Berlin Wall, built in August of 1961, was s physical symbol of the political and emotional divisions of Germany. The Wall was built because of a long lasting suspicion between the Soviet Union on one side and Western Europe and the United States on the other. For 28 years the Berlin Wall separated friends, families, and a nation. After WWII was over Germany was divided into four parts. The United States, Great Britain, and France controlled the three divisions that were formed in the Western half and the Eastern half was controlled by the Soviet Republic. The Western sections eventually united to make a federal republic, while the Eastern half became communist.
Napoleon’s conquest had greatly altered the borders of France and its neighboring states. Similarly Germany had been taking land from others during WWI and causing destruction all around. All of the European powers had seen a need for peace during these two events and thus two similar treaties were produced. The borders of countries were rearranged in both compromises in order to move into the future. An even more important similarity between the two treaties was the reactionary movement that they both attempted to make. The Congress of Vienna attempted to restore the land that France had taken over and surround it by powerful countries to prevent future expansion. The Treaty also restored the land that Germany had conquered and again surrounded it with strong countries and buffer states to prevent future expansion. Both of these treaties had a reactionary aspect to them as they attempted to return lands to what they were
This feeling spread widely throughout Europe during the 19th and 10th centuries and caused many problems. The Slavic people of Bosnia and Herzegovina wanted to break away from Austria-Hungary and unify with other Slavic nations. Russia as a Slavic nation backed up the two countries in this matter, therefore causing tensions between Austria-Hungary and itself. Nationalism was also a source of anger between France and Germany as France resented its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871). Alliances between European nations can also be considered an underlying cause of World War I. As a result of the Triple Alliance consisting of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, the Triple Entente (understanding) was formed between France, Britain, and Russia.
The Berlin Blockade What were the main factors that ultimately led to the failure of the Berlin Blockade? Word Count: 1957. TABLE OF CONTENTS A. Plan of the investigation. 3 B. Summary of Evidence. 4 C. Evaluation of Sources............................. 6 D. Analysis.................................. 8 E. Conclusion.
The outbreak of war in 1939 left everyone in shocked. But they were even more shocked when they heard that Germany and Russia had made a pact. On August 23 1939, Russia and Germany had signed the Non- Aggression Pact. The 1939 Non-Aggression Pact with Germany was not motivated by Stalin’s greed for territory, but by necessity. Stalin feared that Russia would be left alone against Germany. It was an agreement made by Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler to invade Poland and other countries in Eastern Europe and divide the countries between them. The Non-Aggression Pact was also agreed not to fight against each other. It also agreed to gain back land that was lost in during WW1. After World War one the Treaty of Versailles was created in order to give back on land to whoever owned it before Hitler claimed it as his own. Hitler felt the Treaty of Versailles was unfair to Germany and also put a limit to how many men can be in the German army. It took a large amount of land from Germany to create new countries.
Imperialism was the driving force behind European diplomacy in the Nineteenth Century. Peace, a major stated goal of the Concert of Europe, was pursued by the main players as a means of consolidating and securing their imperial gains and preventing further gains by rival states. The long stretches of peace celebrated as successes of the Concert system occurred simply because peace between the Great Powers was what the Great Powers desired. Later in the century, in the stretches leading up to the First World War, this celebrated peace was, as Pim den Boer put it, an “armed peace,” with many “consciously aiming at a great European war.” Under the Concert system, the First World War was not inevitable, but the self-interest of the Great Powers Russia, though the largest land-based empire the world had ever seen, failed to dominate in late-game European power politics because Russian imperialism was not matched by Russian industrialism and was ultimately kneecapped by the rise of communism.
Austria-Hungary strongly agreed to work with Germany. Which can be proven by the time period
Throughout history, negotiation has been a powerful tool used by world leaders to avoid violence and solve conflict. When negotiation succeeds all parties can feel that that have achieved their goals and met their expectations, but when negotiations go awry countries and relationships can be damaged beyond repair. The Munich Agreement of 1938 is a primary example of this type of failure, which was one of the catalysts to the start World War II and Czechoslovakia’s loss of independence. The Czech people were greatly overlooked during this agreement process, which still in some instances affects the country today. The 1930s were a challenging time for Europe and the powers within it due to the aftermath of WWI and the worldwide economic depression. Meanwhile, Fuhrer Hitler and the Nazi party were continuing their domination of Europe and threatening to invade Czechoslovakia, which many felt would most likely incite another World War. To prevent this England, France, Italy and Germany entered into an agreement, which would allow Germany to seize control of Sudetenland and is today known as the ‘Munich Pact’. Sudetenland had a large German population and its borders were in strategically strong areas for the German military. For negotiations to be successful there are many components that one must be aware of such as personalities of all parties, end goals of each person and the history from the country. England led the process with an appeasement policy as an attempt to mollify Hitler and the Nazi party and prevent war, which this pact did not. The Munich Pact is a perfect example of how negotiation can fail when all of the pieces do not fall correctly into place.
Germany had allied itself with Russia and Austria-Hungary in the Three Emperors’ League, but Austria-Hungary and Russia were not the best of friends, partly because they were at odds over the Balkans and partly because Russia represented the Pan-Slavic movement, whose program threatened the very existence of Austria-Hungary. The Treaty of San Stefano (1878), following the Russo-Turkish War, furthered the cause of Pan-Slavism through the creation of a large Bulgarian state and offended Austria-Hungary as well as Great Britain. A European conference (1878; see Berlin, Congress of), called to revise the treaty, caused a sharp decline in the friendship between Russia on the one hand and Austria-Hungary and Germany on the other; Bismarck formed (1879) a secret defensive alliance—the Dual Alliance—with Austria-Hungary. 3
During the late 19th century many countries sought an alliance with other countries to guarantee their own safety, preserve peace and sometimes to help their economic position. this is highlighted by alliances and treaties such as the "Dual Alliance" of 1879, the "Dreikaiserbund" of 1881 and the "Reinsurance Treaty" This was also the case for both France and Russia, with them agreeing the "Franco-Russian Military Convention" on August 18th 1892 and later agreeing the "Franco-Russian Alliance" in 1893. France and Russia were animated by a common desire to preserve peace. The only reason it was possible for France and Russia to form this alliance is because Germany allowed the Reinsurance treaty to become invalid. Both countries wanted different things from the alliance but there was one common reason between them, and that was to oppose Germany - although both countries had different incentives for this. France, Russia and Germany all contributed to the alliance being formed, either through their aims or what they did.
The alliance system ideated by the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck kept peace in Europe but its main aim was, however, to forestall the possibility that, in the event of war, Germany would have to fight it on two fronts (basically France and Russia). This was achieved by diplomatically isolating France so that its dream of recapturing its lost provinces of Alsace-Lorraine couldn't be fulfilled. This was done by, firstly, the creation of the League of the Three Emperors or Dreikaiserbund. It was first projected as a meeting of the monarchs of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia in 1872 and confirmed the following year, the 22nd of October 1873. Here, the very general and formless agreement was given a more solid form by military agreements promising to help any country attacked by a fourth party. And all this even though that there was mutual rivalry between Russia and Austria-Hungary in the Balkans. This proved to be a concrete way to isolate France for as E. Eyck mentions, "the League ensured that neither Austria-Hungary nor Russia was available as an ally for France". At this point, Bismarck didn't consider Britain as a potential French ally as they had a long history of rivalry. Secondly, in 1887 the Reinsurance Treaty was signed with Russia in which it promised to support Russia's claims to the strait and to remain neutral in the event of war unless it attacked Austria-Hungary, the same with Russia, who promised to remain neutral unless it attacked France.
...to prevent division amongst the allies, and ensure that no other war will be started. It also united the markets of the European countries, and provided stability to them.