1.0 Introduction Reduplication is one of the word formation processes demonstrated in many languages of the world. In Bantu languages, the common word formation processes are the agglutinative nature of languages (affixation), borrowing, compounding and reduplication (Contini-Morava 2007). ‘Reduplication in Bantu languages is phonological as it has the phonological constraints that are based on the prosodic features’ (Odden 1996). In Bantu languages reduplication processes are either complete or partial. It is complete in a sense that the whole stem/base is copied and it is partial in a sense that only part of the stem is copied. However, whether the doubled segment is the whole word or part of the word, the newly formed word becomes part and parcel of the vocabulary of that particular language. There are similarities in the reduplication processes that are found in most Bantu languages. They, however, pose several disagreements upon reduplication behaviors between different word categories involved, specifically verbal reduplication. For example, in earlier research it was established that reduplication in Bantu languages was phonologically determined, i.e. minimally and maximally a reduplicant was bisyllabic and prosodologically constrained. Other Bantu languages demonstrate only the minimality bisyllabic requirement i.e. a reduplicant must have at least two syllables (see Odden 1996 for Kikerewe; Matondo 2006 for Sukuma). Recent works in the Bantu area indicate that a reduplicant is morphologically motivated i.e. morphological constraints contribute to the reduplication processes (cf. Downing 2003 for Bukusu; Marlo 2002 for Lusaamia). The main aim of this paper is to describe and analyse reduplication processes involved in C... ... middle of paper ... ...nd of reduplication may show several tendencies as discussed below: 3.1 Nouns Nouns in Chasu receive reduplication in almost not the familiar ways, depending on the syllables and prefixes. Monosyllabic nouns receive total reduplication of the stem and the prefixes that make the base of nouns. Copying of the prefix depend entirely on the fact that most of monosyllabic nouns in Chasu cannot express full meaning without applying at least one prefix. The whole word is repeated, and sometimes, though related to the new word, the reduplicant may express the meaning that is different from the original word. There are cases where the prefix of the noun is reduplicated together with the stem. When it is used that way, it may be diminutive and just describe the object as something which has a certain quality but not the real thing. Let us have a look on the following examples:
This chapter focused mainly on misconceptions and attempting to clarify those misconceptions about accents. In the opinion of linguists, accent is a difficult word to define. This is due to the fact that language has variation therefore when it comes to a person having an accent or not, there is no true technical distinction because every person has different phonological aspects to their way of speaking. However, when forced to define this word, it is described as “a way of speaking” (Lippi-Green, 2012, p.44). Although Lippi- Green identified the difficulty linguists have in distinguishing between accent, dialect, and another language entirely, they were able to construct a loose way of distinguishing. Lippi- Green states that an accent can be determined by difference in phonological features alone, dialect can be determined by difference in syntax, lexicon, and semantics alone, and when all of these aspects are different from the original language it is considered another language entirely (Lippi-Green, 2012).
Many scholars, such as Russell Tomlin and Jae Jung Song, discussed the diverse word orders of languages. Yet the fact that many languages have distinct word orders could be explained through discovering
The article The Strange Persistence of First Languages by Julie Sedivy was an intriguing and eye-opening piece of writing to read. The concepts she brought to life through her explicit writing revealed many things I had never heard of before. The further I read, the more I wanted to know and the deeper my interest became. As a monolingual, this article was insightful, captivating and ultimately provided me with a new perspective on language.
"UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile." UCLA Language Materials Project: Main. UCLA. Web. 23 Oct. 2011. .
Kalapuya is part of the Penutian family and is known for resembling European Languages. Ranging from British Columbia all the way south to Central America, various Penutian languages we...
Speech is a very influenced africanism in America. A word commonly used today by all races in America is the word “okay”, a Mande and Wolf term that means “that’s it” (Holloway 57). Ebonics is often tied back to african roots of west african language. Both lack the sounds and final consonant clusters (e.g. past), and that replacing or simplifying these occurs both in US Ebonics and in West African English varieties spoken in Nigeria and Ghana. Moreover, they argue that the distinction made between completed actions ("He done walked") and habitual actions ("We be walkin") in the Ebonics tense-aspect system reflects their prevalence in West African language systems and that this applies to other aspects of Ebonics sentence structure.
The topic of this paper is the Hawaiian language. This language belongs to the Austronesian languages and its subfamily is the Polynesian languages. The Polynesian languages fall into two categories – the Tongic and Nuclear Polynesian. Hawaiian belongs to Nuclear Polynesian under the Eastern Polynesian family of Marquesic. Hawaiian is very closely related to other Polynesian languages such as Tahitian. There are about 1,000 native speakers of Hawaiian and 8,000 speakers who can fluently understand the Hawaiian language. Hawaiian is spoken is the island of Hawaii.
New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 113-117. 160. The syllable of the syllable. Perterson, L.K., & Cullen, Cheryl. 2000. The.
The first study conducted by Patel & Daniele (2003) focuses on one of the two main points of interests held by musicologists and linguistics alike: the effect of prosody of a particular language on the music produced by native speakers of that language. In the introduction, the authors reflects on the long held intuition that there is a connection between the two, however, dismisses its validity based on the fact that there has not been any empirical evidence to substantiate the claim.
Peter R. Mitchell and John Schoeffel. New York: New Press, 2002. 135. The syllable of the syllable. Loewen, James.
Languages are continually changing and developing, and these changes occur in many different ways and for a variety of reasons. Language change is detectable to some extent in all languages, and ‘similar paths of change’ can be recognised in numerous unrelated languages (Bybee, 2015, p. 139). Since users of language all over the world have ‘the same mental processes’ and ‘use communication for the same or very similar ends’ (Bybee, 2015, p. 1), similar changes occur on the same linguistic aspects, and in many cases these changes produce similar results in multiple languages. However, language change is limited by the function it performs. Languages must be learnt to such an extent which allows communication between the generation above and below one’s own (McMahon, 1994, p. 5). Hence language change is a gradual, lethargic process, as only small changes in
Over thousands of years language has evolved and continued to develop to what we know it as today. Throughout the years, it has been studied how we learn language and the benefits of learning it as well as the deficits of not learning it. While studying language it is important to consider the language acquisition device, language acquisition support system, and Infant-Directed and Adult-Directed Speech. Not only is it important to learn language in general, but there are specific sensitive periods in which a human must learn the language in order to obtain developmental milestones. The sensitive period is also crucial when learning a second language and can greatly affect the human when speaking that language. During the sensitive period while a child is learning language it is important that they learn the specifics about language structure and the aspects of language. Once the child has learned the aspects of language, they are also emerged into learning universal grammar. Lastly, the learning of language has influenced ontogeny and phylogeny in various ways. This influence will continue to arise as change occurs and humans and the world continue to develop and evolve.
"Linguistics 201: First Language Acquisition." Linguistics 201: First Language Acquisition. Western Washington University, n.d. Web. 8 Sep. 2013. .
The catalytic process occurs at lower temperature anf offers higher selectivity but requires frequent regeneration of the catalyst. Then, the products are cooled and introduced into a pair of separators which separate the unreacted hydrogen. The unreacted hydrogen is compressed and recycle back to the feed and reactor. The products that leaving the separators are heated before introduced into a distillation column which the toluene is separated from the stream and recycle back to the...
Speech says Saussure, “has both an individual and social side … always implies both establish system and evolution” (Course in General Linguistics p. 8). All changes in language occur in parole, in the actual speech act. But only some of these changes become institutionalised in langue. Saussure states that langue, should not be confused with human speech, it is a system or structure of speech codes. He argued that linguistic elements are relational, that it is viewpoint that creates the object of linguistic study. Because so much depends on viewpoint, the nature of the linguistic sign is necessarily arbitrary.