Typhoid in Schenectady
Communicable diseases are one of the major concerns in public health, as it poses a significant threat to the population. The study of epidemiology allows nurses to understand the cause of the disease and helps determine the levels of prevention to be implemented in order to limit the spread of the disease (Lundy & Janes, 2016). The purpose of this paper is to: a) use an epidemiological model to identify the organism involved in the case study, as well as its pathology, etiology, diagnosis, and prognosis; b) describe the distribution of health events within Schenectady; c) identify the determinants affecting morbidity and mortality; d) determine the deterrents that exists within the affected population; e) calculate the outbreak’s incubation period; f) identify the individuals affected during endemic levels; g) provide a list of foods that were most susceptible to mass contamination; and h) determine the people involved in the food borne outbreak and analyze the possible cause of this occurrence.
Introduction
Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by the gram-negative organism Salmonella typhi. It is transmitted through fecal-oral or urine-oral route by either direct or indirect contact of the carrier’s or infected individual’s feces or urine. Humans are the only source of this organism. Ingestion of
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The exposure to the contaminated food happened during the Memorial Day service celebration, which was May 30th. According to the case study, onset of symptoms occurred from June 5th to June 28th. Therefore, the incubation period from this case ranged from seven days to thirty days. According to Heymann (2014), the incubation period for Typhoid fever ranges from 3 days to over 60 days, with the usual range from eight to fourteen days. A graph of the incubation period is provided in Figure
Symptoms, which include diarrhea and abdominal pain, usually begin two to eight days after a person has been exposed to the bacteria and resolve within a week.
After an incubation period of five to ten days, or as long as 21 days, numerous symptoms can be observed. The symptoms come in two stages. The first stage consists of common cold symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, low-grade fever, and a mild cough. It is during this time that the disease is most contagious, and it lasts from one to two weeks.
Salmonella is one of the most common food-borne diseases that attack an enormous amount of people in poor countries every year. It is shown that “Today, it still attacks some 17 million people in poor countries each year, and kills about 600,000 of them. Back before antibiotics such as chloramphenicol, typhoid was very much feared” (Trek 1). Despite the advance in technology and medicine, Salmonella is
Typhoid Mary, also known as Mary Mallon, deserved the punishment of staying on Brother Island as a result of her lethal action. First, as Typhoid Mary cooked for families she worked for, the typhoid bacteria on her dirty hands contaminated the meals and got 6/8 families sick. In the 1900’s, Typhoid was an extremely fatal disease that spread rapidly and 1 out of every 3 people would die from it. But the fact that Mary cooked for so many families and she killed many people, is just wrong. She was the cause of around 51 deaths including poor innocent children. The mourning parents lost their children to this monster that deserved to be put on an island to prevent any more tragic deaths. Additionally, Typhoid Mary ignored the urgent pleas from
The aim of this exploration is to investigate and examine one epidemic model and then attempt to apply it to a scenario and determine if it’s a realistic and accurate model.
“Typhus fever is another disease born of bad sanitation. It is also known as, "jail fever" or "ship fever," because it was so common among men held captive in such putrid surroundings. The disease was highly contagious and usually transmitted through human feces and lice that infested the unclean bodies of the Elizabethans.
...sease will spread to become an outbreak as it has a higher likelihood of spreading throughout the population before it is recognized as a new disease and treatment has begun. Factors such as high population density, high speed air travel and antibiotic resistance aid the spread of the disease and contribute to it becoming an outbreak. Epidemiology and other safety measures aid in the protection of the population from outbreaks of disease and alter the susceptibility of the human race to outbreaks of disease.
Sack D., Sack R., Nair G., and Siddique A. Cholera. 2004. Lancet, 363(9404), 223-233. Retrieved from: http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=4a213450-0d66-48ab-aee8-ba80898fa889%40sessionmgr12&vid=2&hid=121
When someone contracts cholera, symptoms can appear in a few hours or less than two days although it can be as long as five days. Some people with cholera have no signs or symptoms, but...
The epidemiological triangle involves the three elements of: agent, host, and environment (Nies & McEwen, 2015). Using my diagnosis of increased
Typhoid fever is a serious and sometimes life-threatening infection that mostly affects people in third world countries, where clean water and other sanitation measures are hard to come by. People usually get typhoid fever by drinking water that contain infected feces. People that carry the illness also can pass the disease onto others directly. For example, having physical contact with another person one may pass the disease onto that person. Bathing in the water that contains the S. Typhi bacteria may cause the bacteria to enter your body. Areas in which do not have sufficient bathrooms or waste water treatment are more likely to carry the infection. When feces contaminate the water bacteria can rapidly grow which poses a threat to people where Salmonella typhi are prevalent. Water treatment such as pur packet, lifestraw,biosand filter, and sun stove can help prevent people from being contaminated with the parasites. For these reasons, the disease is common in areas with poor sanitation and inadequate water treatment. One of the most impacted places in all of Africa is Nigeria.
In descriptive epidemiology, data that describe the occurrence of the disease are collected by various methods from all relevant sources. The data is then collected by time, place, and person. Four time trends are considered in describing the epidemiologic data: secular, periodic, seasonal and epidemic. A description of epidemiologic data by place must consider three different locations: where the individual was when disease appeared, where the individual was when he or she became infected from the source, and where the source became infected with the pathogenic agent. The third focus of descriptive epidemiology is the infected person.
Considering that a large population can help to foster infectious diseases, and humans share almost 300 communicable agents with animals, the outbreak of epidemics is inextricably intertwined with revolutions in both agriculture and industry.... ... middle of paper ... ... Vol. 1, No. 2. 2 (1999).
The third weakness is the fact that food tests, inspections, and the detection of contaminants are taken seriously only after an outbreak of some food-borne diseases, food poisoning, or deaths. The increase in the number of food establishments or outlets such as cold stores, hypermarkets, and supermarkets reported by the Public Health Director has also made inspection and control mo...
Salmonella is also a bacterium that is widespread in the intestines of birds, reptiles, and mammals. It can spread to the human species a variety of different ways; through foods or animal origins. Some examples of food involved in outbreaks are eggs, poultry and other meats, raw milk and chocolate. The illnesses it causes are typically fever, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. In people with poor underlying health or weakened immune...