Traumatic brain injury and cognitive issues
What exactly is traumatic brain injury or TBI?
Traumatic brain injury falls into two categories. Penetrating TBI, also known as open TBI, is when an object penetrates the head and enters the brain tissue. Examples of this might be a knife, bullet, hammer, baseball bat, etc. Nonpenetrating TBI, also known as closed head injury or blunt TBI is when the damage happens to the outside of the head. One of the number one causes of this type of TBI is from motor vehicle accidents, but other causes could be sports injuries where the person may have experienced excessive blows to their head, or just falling and hitting their head could cause a TBI as well. The severity of a TBI can range from a short loss
…show more content…
The United States alone is affected in a significant way. In the U.S., 1.7 million people are affected by some form of traumatic brain injury. Of those 1.7 million Americans; 250,000 people become hospitalized, 1.3 million people end up needing emergency medical care, 52,000 people die, and 124,000 people become disabled. (Rutland-Brown et al., 2006, Faul et al., 2000) Accidents that involve cars, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians account for half of all TBI's and are the leading cause in people 75 years old and younger when it comes to …show more content…
(Gennarelli et al, 1971, 1972, 1979, 1981;Gennarelli, 1983: Gennarelli and Thibault, 1982; Guardian and Guardian, 1975, 1980) In an attempt to examine the characteristics of impact and dynamic response that leads to a higher chance that someone may be at risk of sustaining a traumatic brain injury, research has been done by medical doctors from participating hospitals in Canada and Ireland. In their study, they compared twenty traumatic brain injury events from hospital reports with experiments in a laboratory simulating what might have caused these injuries to happen by using, in essence, crash test dummies. They used these models to simulate different types of falls and impacts in which a human might have taken to see what the result of that fall would have on the person and their likelihood of developing traumatic brain injury. The research examined the biomechanics of traumatic brain injury for 20 fall reconstructions. A total of 20 cases of traumatic brain injury from falls were reconstructed, twelve were male, and eight were female with a breakdown of nineteen subdural hematomas, seven contusions, six subarachnoid hemorrhages, two epidural hematomas, and one parenchymal injury present. Each result depended on the direction of impact or at what area of the head had been
Did you know, that someone suffers from a brain injury every 21 seconds (Haas)? Children get concussions all the time, and most of the time they go unnoticed. The majority of concussions happen when one is playing a sport such as football, hockey, or lacrosse. Many famous athletes have had their careers, even their lives cut short due to concussions. Brain damage and death can result from serial concussions (Schafer). When one suffers from a concussion, one’s brain needs time to recover physically and mentally. Between 2002 and 2006, statistics showed that 52,000 people died from concussions and about 275,000 were hospitalized (Fundukian). Everyone’s recovery process is different (“Injury and Pain Care”). Although concussions seem minor, they are very serious brain injuries that may result in severe damage to one’s brain.
Thesis: Concussions affect children and adults of all ages causing physical, emotional and metal trauma to a person and their brain.
Thesis Statement: Our veterans deserve for the procedures implicated in the treatment of all mild head injuries to have detailed diagnostic testing, in-depth evaluations, and follow up so there are not adverse future effects.
In American football, helmets are required to decrease traumatic brain injuries and have been successful in doing so. A large part in the success of helmet design is improvements in technology. The sizes of athletes have gone up to make football more dangerous. To protect against brain injury, helmets designs have changed to become heavier and wider, filled within the space are energy absorbing materials, air space and padding to protect the skull upon impact. Originally, helmets were designed to prevent only traumatic brain injuries, but technology is advancing to fill the gap of concussions. Until recently, the seriousness of concussions were not considered part of the equation that needed to be addressed, so manufactures did not utilized in constructing helmets to address this issue (Post et al. 653). Upon predicting risk of concussions in tests, by themselves linear and rotational acceleration are not suitable measurements for modern helmets. These testing measurements do not address the rotational forces and minor hits to the brain which are associated with concussions (Post et al. 654). Given the seriousness of concussions in contact sports, more attention is given to prevent and reduce concussions through testing methods and advancing technology, stronger regulation and changes to the sport. As stated in the article involving the National Football League (NFL), “The risk involved in playing sports are also very real. The NFL is struggling with serious mental and physical health problems because they sustained repeated mild traumatic brain injuries, is what concussions are called. (“Concussions and Marketing of Sports Equipment” 6).
"A concussion is a type of brain injury. It 's the most minor form. Technically, a concussion is ashore loss of brain function in response to a head injury” (Concussion). Concussions are the least severe of all brain injuries. In addition, a concussion is a temporary loss of brain function because of the impact to the head. This injury could happen anywhere all that would be needed is an impact to the head. More often than not, people think that concussion only happen in sports. However, these injuries could occur in real life situations such as: "A concussion is a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), often sustained in sports, falls, motor vehicle accidents, assault, and other incidents. Concussion cannot be seen on CT or MRI scans, but it’s a very real brain injury” (Cornell). Concussions are a moderately traumatic brain injury. This injury often happens during sports, falling, and car accidents.
For closed head injury, it is a trauma in which the brain is injured as a result of a blow to the head, or a sudden, violent motion that causes the brain to knock against the skull. A closed head injury is different from an open head injury, in that no object actually penetrates the brain. Closed head injuries can be diffuse or focal which mean that they affect cells and tissues throughout the brain or the damage just occur in one area of the head. Closed head injuries can range from mild to severe. Common causes of closed head injury include automobile accidents, assault,
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability worldwide for which there is no cure. Many patients who survive from TBI may experience permanent cognitive loss, behavioral issues, and emotional disturbances, which require daily medical or social attentions.[1, 2] It is believed that over 2% US population is experiencing TBI-associated disabilities which create an annual burden evaluated at $60 billion on direct (medical service) and indirect (loss of productivity) costs.[3, 4] Traumatic brain injury is complex which consists of a mechanical trauma (primary injury) and a resulting biochemical cascade (secondary injury), and lead to a wide diversity of symptoms.[5]
Traumatic brain injury or TBI occurs when a child has a head injury that causes damage to the brain. These injuries can be caused from being hit in the head or violently shaken. The results of TBI can change how a person’s brain develops, how they act, move, and think. It can also affect how they learn in school (NICHCY, 2012). TBI can affect the way a child thinks, retains information, attention span, behavior, speech, physical activities (which includes walking), and the way a child learns.
The only result from the testing consistent with a brain injury was the abnormal pupil response of the right eye (constriction) (Traumatic brain injury, 2015). The physical effects that could have pointed to a brain injury were the laceration to the right side of the gentleman’s head and the amount of blood loss. The complaints from the patient that may have insisted a brain injury included a severe headache, dizziness, and nausea (Traumatic brain injury, 2015).
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is are complex and always have large degrees of symptoms. Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) also are the cause of many different disabilities. Each person is different and in every brain injury are different, bringing a devastating change into their lives on the day of the occurrence of the brain injury. The occurrence of brain injuries are wide spread into a large spectrum of different causes and there are different degrees of TBI.
If I could have everyone's attention. Good-morning ladies and gentlemen. For those of you who don't know me my name is Jasmine Davenport. Today I’d like to discuss traumatic brain injury also referred to as TBI. I chose this topic because traumatic brain injury is a serious and complex injury with a broad spectrum of symptoms and disabilities. Traumatic brain injury effects people of all ages and is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. A traumatic brain injury can be caused by a blow or jolt to the head that disrupts normal functions of the brain Also, traumatic brain injury can cause physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and behavioral affects.
Following behind motor vehicle crashes, traumatic brain injury in sports is the second leading cause of traumatic brain injuries for people fifth-teen to twenty-four years of age. Immense concerns follows given that American football accounts for the highest incidence of concussions (Rowson and Duma 2130). In addition, th...
Over 1.7 million traumatic brain injuries are reported each year. According to reports the leading cause of brain injuries are from falls followed by motor vehicle accidents, and accidents that were a result of being struck by something. Falls account for 32.5% of traumatic brain injuries in the United States. 50% of all child brain injuries are from falling. 61 % of all traumatic brain injuries among adults are 65 years old or older. Traumatic brain injuries are very violent blows or jolts to the head or body that result in the penetration of the skull. Mild traumatic brain injuries can cause brief dysfunction of the brain cells. Serious brain injuries can cause bleeding, bruising, physical damage to other parts of the body and torn tissues. Brain injuries are more prevalent with males rather than females. Causes of brain injuries include:
As a result of many deaths of professional athletes through suicide as well as general concern for health, concussion awareness and testing is as high as it’s ever been. Precautions and tests are currently being set up in almost sports in the attempt to diminish the long term effects. Although the symptoms and exact recovery time are still unknown, doctors and researchers are sure that concussions and other forms of head impacts can have long term effects that can present serious issues throughout the rest of these individual’s lives. The risk of potential damage to the brain increases as the number of concussions increase. In the athletics, players deliver and absorb many hits to the head which a primary reason why rules and regulations at a levels of football, for example, are changing to try and decrease the number of concussions received by players and to make the game safer to those who play it. However these head injuries are not just restricted to athletics, roughly three million Americans have brain injuries every year, half of which are considered serious (Dekosky 2010). Also, many of our nation’s brave men and women suffer traumatic head injuries that take months, even years to fully recover from. Though the exact number of concussions in soldiers can be completely accurate, many army officials believe it to be around eighteen percent (Charles 2008).
Centers for Disease Control Injury Center May 30, 2007 Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Deaths retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/pub-res/tbi_in_us_04/tbi_ed.htm