Describe three methods that psychologists use to study the brain. Identify the potential advantages and disadvantages of each method that you describe. Lesions Provide a Picture of What Is Missing: This is one way that psychologists use to study the brain. In this method, they will be studying if a human brain is live or damage. One of the major advantages of this method is that the brain can be fully studied and disadvantage is that by the time they study the brain, it may not be active anymore. For example, testing or studying the human brain after the strokes fall, automobile accidents, gunshots, or tumors. Recording Electrical Activity in the Brain: Another way of psychologists uses to study the brain by studying the electrical activity created by the firing of its neurons. In this method psychologists used one that can be used on living humans, is electroencephalography (EEG). This can be so useful method because an EEG can show if a person is asleep, awake, or …show more content…
The proportion of each of the three cones types that are active determines our perception of color. Evidence suggests that trichromatic theory accurately describes color processing in the retina itself. Opponent-process theory: Color-sensitive receptor cells are linked in pairs: black-white pairs, yellow-blue pairs, and red-green pairs. If an object reflects blue light, it will simultaneously excite the blue sensitive receptors and inhibit the yellow-sensitive ones. The opponent-process theory explains color vision at the level of the ganglion cells and in the cortex. It provides a good explanation of afterimages. When the yellow-sensitive component of the yellow-blue pairing, for example, becomes fatigued through continued stimulation, only the blue component is able to respond, shifting the perceptual balance toward that
Other testing procedures that are commonly employed, in order to gain a better visual image of the excitatory activity in the brain are the PET scan and the MRI. According to Kalat (2004), these methods are non-invasive, meaning that they don’t require the insertion of objects into the brain, yet they yield results that allow researchers to record brain activity. The PET scan (positron emission tomography) involves the researcher injecting a radioactive chemical into the patient’s body, which is then absorbed mainly by the brain’s most active cells. With the use of radioactive detectors, placed around the patient’s head, a map is produced that shows which areas of the brain are most active.
Colors of cretin things can appear different at some situations. For example, blood as we know it is red, that color that you see through your eyes of the blood in our veins is “red” but underwater, at 30 feet underneath the surface your blood turns, or rather appears green due to the light bouncing off of it is much less than it is at the surface as mentioned in the article “Did you know that your blood is green underwater?” by Fun Facts (see Article 2). These examples got me interested from the class discussions we had and how the philosophers viewed sense perception and the kind of thought they had of
Penfield’s recherce and brain stimulation he was able to map the brain and its functional organization in living people. During his experiments he found that sending a shock to certain parts of the brain would have different reactions. By using this method Penfield was able to find the cause of epilepsy seizers and destroy it. In one case the patient would smell burnt toast right before a seizer, he used this knowledge to probe the limbic system to recreate the smell. None of this would have been possible without the map he created, the map was so influential that it is still used today. However, we no longer need to cut open the skull to see what inside, thanks to modern medicine MRIs are used to see what’s going on in our
The human eye requires both rods and cones for normal vision. Over 100 million rods are located in the periphery of the human eye, and about 6 million cones compose the fovea. Rods, the more sensitive of the two to light, are not able to differentiate wavelengths, thus cannot detect color, and perceive shades of grey, black, and white. Cones, on the other hand, are of three types, containing particular pigments. They are categorized as red, blue, and green depending on to which wavelength they are most sensitive. These cones are what render color vision to humans.
Some researchers hypothesize that each color triggers certain hormones eliciting different responses. Biologically, we (with the exception of those who are colorblind) perceive color the same. However, it
The experimental design of the research involves the organization of an experiment to effectively test the study’s hypothesis. In addition, it involves setting up proper manipulations and measurements of an experiment. To test this specific hypothesis, the researcher will need significant resources, such as direct scanners, to test and analyze the variables. The variables in the study will include the plasticity of the human brain during different life stages and the age differences between individuals. The experimental design includes independent and dependent variables, which the researcher will thoroughly test and
...t differences in colour therefore relies on the sensitivity of different types of cone cell within our retina. This is what enables us to see the full spectrum of visible light from blues into the deep reds. It is evident from studies with dogs, birds, snakes and other animals that having a different number of cones, or having these cones sensitive to different wavelengths causes a completely different perspective of our colour world. As a result Dichromatic or Monochromatic humans who are missing a certain type of cone(s), or even trichromatic humans with a cone sensitive to an anomalous wavelength can be labelled as colour blind. Whilst these ‘colour blind’ individuals are usually still able to detect differences in colour across the visible spectrum of light they ultimately see the colour world in an abnormal way to an individual with a normal visual system.
Neuropsychology is the strongest and exciting area of science and psychology to date by applying principles of scientific evaluation and intervention derived from the study typical and irregular performance of the brain and central nervous system. Neuropsychologists are devoted to understanding the relationship between human behavior and the brain and understanding the application of neuropsychology to issues that society face everyday. With medical technology at it disposal neuropsychologist are able to use brain scan devices to evaluate neurological disorders from the brain response to individual behavior. Many neuropsychologists are employed via grant work, but many have salary jobs with research facilities associated with hospitals, university, clinics, labs and large medical pharmaceutical
One of the most important (and most interesting) conclusions of the biology of vision is that color is not technically generated by physical reality. Color appears to be a mental construct, and therefore, everyone views color differently. The rationale one is often given for the color of particular objects is the following: light consists of all colors. When light strikes an object in absorbs most of the wavelengths of light, but those that it reflects correspond to the color one sees.
Color Vision Development in Infants: The Responsibility of Cone Types and Wavelength in Order of Color Development
He suggests that when analyzing colors and their role in brain processes, we are misinterpreting the way it should be understood. When we speak about these sensations that are synonymous with the brain processes, it should be said as “There is something going on which is like what is going on when ____,” (149). In the case of seeing red as mentioned before, the statement would appear as “There is something going on which is like what is going on when I have my eyes open, am awake, and there is an emission of red cast from an object, that is, when I really see red." Ultimately, I do not believe this response is an adequate answer to the objection. It appears that Smart is merely altering the linguistic nature of the question rather than providing a solution to the problem. This “something” neutralizes the difference between a brain process and a sensation without giving a sound reason as to why or how they would be considered identical rather than
There are 3 different types of cone cells in the human retina “the L, M, and S cones” that can respond only in certain wavelengths of light “short, medium, and long lengths”. Through the opponent process the color experience is measured from those three distinctive signals. With the knowledge of the univariance principle, we need to always take into account that the firing cells always depend on the number of photons absorbed. The three responses of the three different cones are determined by the respective photoreceptor proteins having the ability to absorb the photons of the many different wave lengths on light. So, for example, an S cone cell contains a photoreceptor protein that more readily absorbs short wavelengths of light (i.e., more "blue"). Light of a longer wavelength can also produce the same response, but it must be much darker to do
Unlike other psychology fields, biological psychology usually deal with biological functions of human brain. It tends to study how different areas of brain influence human behavior and how neurons associate with one-another. Social and cognitive psychologists mainly study the human behavior through social or interpersonal aspects, which the research methods in these fields usually correlate with observation and analysis, such as experimental research and survey research. However, the research methods in biological psychology are tend to be more scientific with numerous laboratory examinations than other psychology fields. Due to one of the central purposes of biological psychology is to understand human behavior in biological perspectives,
Naor Raz, G. (2001). Understanding the role of color object representation; Evidence for multiple levels of interaction.
Certain perceptual phenomena such as color afterimages cannot be explained by the trichromatic theory. Ewald Hering proposed in the late 19th century the opponent process theory, stating that some color combinations such as reddish-green or yellowish-blue cannot be seen by humans (Hurvich, & Jameson, 1960). Opponent-process theory suggests that color perception is controlled by three opponent systems; a blue-yellow, a red-green, and black-white mechanism. This is mediated by a process of excitatory and inhibitory responses, with the components of each mechanism opposing each other. Opponent theory can explain phenomena such as negative afterimages, where photoreceptors are overstimulated to a specific color and lose sensitivity to it. Staring