The Success of Mussolini's Relationship with the Catholic Church
Mussolini had to encourage high-quality associations with the Roman
Catholic Church simply because, regardless of his dictatorship, the
Roman Catholic Church was such a powerful institution in Italy. While
Mussolini governed the political side of Italy, the Roman Catholic
Church governed the spiritual side. In this sense, Mussolini could not
afford to anger the Roman Catholic Church.
As a young man, Mussolini had shared his father’s opinion of the Roman
Catholic Church. Mussolini senior, disliked the power of the Church
and the young Mussolini referred to priests as "black germs".
However, once in power after 1922, he had to be more guided. Mussolini
had recognised this as early as 1920 when the fledgling future leader
of Italy had said that the Pope "represents 400 million men scattered
the world over……. (this was) a colossal force."
Once leader, Mussolini had to make a decision on whether to take on
the power of the Roman Catholic Church in Italy or to work with it. He
chose the latter. In this way, Italians did not have to have divided
loyalties. Consequently, Mussolini worked to get the Roman Catholic
Church to accept a Fascist state while he planned to offer the Roman
Catholic Church what it wanted.
One of the reasons why Mussolini pushed the idea that women should
stay at home and look after the family while their husbands worked,
was because this was an idea pushed by the Roman Catholic Church.
Mussolini voiced his disapproval at the use of contraception - an
identical stance to the Roman Catholic Church. Similar to the Roman
Catholic Church, Mussolini also wanted divorce banned in Italy. By
doing all of this, Mussolini was trying to bring the Roman Catholic
Church onto his side to get its support and give added credibility to
his government. However, the relationship was not always harmonious.
In particular, Mussolini and the Roman Catholic Church clashed over
who should control education. To ensure that children grew up as good
Fascists, Mussolini wanted the state to control this - as it did.
Elected in 1958 as a ‘caretaker Pope’, Pope John XXIII implemented the greatest reforms in the Church’s history. His involvement within the Church had played a significant contribution to the reforming of social, political and liturgical Christian traditions. During the early twentieth century, the Catholic Church still held the century old conservative beliefs and traditions as they continued to separate the Church from the secular world, therefore, disadvantaging the Church to a world that was modernising. In addition to this, the Church restricted modernist thoughts due to the belief that new theologies would threaten the power and authority of the Church, but ...
This primary source document has been collected, translated, and published into the Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents. Due to several language translations and lack of a professional editor, it is noted that many of the documents collected have errors. This specific entry is titled Jesuit 's Interpretation of Gender Roles and dated 1633. The author is also listed as Pierre Biard, however the author and/or date is very questionable and possibly wrong. I will explain my disagreements later on, but for the sake of this review let us just say the author is Pierre Biard.
Ginsborg P (1990). ‘A History of Contemporary Italy: Society and Politics: 1943-1980’ Published by Penguin; Reprint edition (27 Sep 1990).
the Treaty of London, the deal made with B and F was not given to
Prior to the careers of Popes Celestine V and Boniface XII in the 13th century, the long and, sometimes tumultuous, history of the church can be helpful in setting the stage for these two church official’s very famous, and very different tenures as pope. In different forms and methods, the medieval Catholic Church has always had a strong hold on society in addition to politics. The church has also had a troubling past when it comes to corruption, usually manifesting itself through the pursuit of this dominance over political and outside figures on all aspects of everyday life. Coupling these two themes together, the past actions and power exerted
Fascism is one of the great political ideology in the 20th century. It is a kind of authoritarian government that, according to Wikipedia, “considers the individual subordinate to the interests of the state, party or society as a whole.” Two of the most successful and to be in the vanguard of fascism government is Italian fascism – led by Benito Mussolini, and Nazi Germany – led by Adolf Hitler. Fascism in Italy and Germany, though in many regards very similar - have the same political ideologies, still have many aspects to them that make them different from each other.
A 16th-century movement in Western Europe that aimed at reforming some doctrines and practices of the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the establishment of the Protestant churches. The world of the late medieval Roman Catholic Church from which the 16th-century reformers emerged was a complex one. Over the centuries, the church, particularly in the office of the papacy, had become deeply involved in the political life of Western Europe. The resulting intrigues and political manipulations, combined with the church’s increasing power and wealth, contributed to the bankrupting of the church as a spiritual force.
Ratzinger, Joseph, Card., and Tarcisio Bertone, Archbishop Emeritus of Cercelli. "Doctrinal Note on Some Questions regarding the Participation of Catholics in Political Life." Doctrinal Note on Some Questions regarding the Participation of Catholics in Political Life. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. .
For a country to be 'great' it has to have a strong economy, a stable
Exploring the Similarities and Differences Between the Foreign Policies of Mussolini and Hitler Similarities - Both foreign policies geared to achieving great power status o Hitler: lebensraum, wanted to have living space for the expansion of the German race and control over other groups o Mussolini: wanted control over Mara nostrum, Abyssinia, …an empire - fascist states o had anti communist feelings; o both signed anti comintern pact 1937 against USSR o Spanish civil war against communism helping Franco secure power o Signed pact of steel in may 1939, a full military alliance - unhappy with status quo, wanted international prestige o national grievances on Versailles, people wanted to change Versailles o Hitler, product of WW1 who was angry at Versailles and wanted to see Germany achieve great power status o Mussolini; felt that Italy had been treated unfairly at Versailles and also waned to change the status quo o Because of this both built up armies, navies and air forces.. Italian air force to block out the sun + German luftwaffe… - both Hitler and Mussolini, used diplomacy and force as well as aggression to get what they wanted o Mussolini over Greece where it undermined the LofN, used force to take Abyssinia 1935 o Hitler used the threat of force to take Austria and diplomacy as well as force to take Czech and Saarland in 193… - by 1939 both had a common enemy; Britain and France - both were aggressive nationalists and glorified warw - both wanted empires; abysinnia and lebenstraum to distract from problems at home.. Differences - Hitler was more clear in his aims and ideals whereas Mussolini was more vague and opportunistic o Although Hitler did take advantage of opportunities such as Abyssinia crises to remilitarise Rhineland he was more structured in his aims for Lebensraum, unification of all Germans, building up the army and recovering lost territories § Illustrated by Hitler’s success after success ; Rhineland in 36,
Mussolini’s Consolidation of Power Between 1922 and 25. “ It seems that Mussolini from the outset was determined to retain power in his hand; but he was uncertain of the method to be employed. towards the other political parties and their leaders, towards the press, and towards parliament” (F.L. Carsten, an academic historian and specialist on European history. Fascism, The Rise of Fascism (1967). In 1922 Mussolini had just been appointed Prime Minister after the fascist march on Rome.
The positive and negative factors of the Roman papacy’s rise to power in Western Europe was centuries in the making. The Roman pope gained theological, political and military power, wealth, and land ownership which made it the preeminent force in all of Europe. Monarchs sought God’s blessing to their rule through the Roman pope, in turn the Roman pope accessed monarchial support and political clout. The strength of the papacy is demonstrated by its centuries of staying power, growth, and impact on society.
Christianity most specifically, the Holy Roman Catholic Church has been involved in the world throughout time. Since Christianity, when if first became a major religion in society the involvement of the Roman Catholic Church has affected many areas of history. The Roman Catholic Church has affected the world historically, as demonstrated by it's impact upon the historical figures like Hypatia, Joan of Arc, and Jan Hus, historical events such as the Salem Witch Trials, and many other eras and events. The Roman Catholic Church slowed down scientific advancement during the Middle Ages when they had the greatest control over society, due to their personal beliefs. Finally, the Roman Catholic Church for a time changed the world ethically for women and homosexuals, although this is not inclusive. Without the extreme control the Roman Catholic Church had, the world would be a completely different place to live in. To prove this, topics such as the effect the Roman Catholic Church has had throughout history, how science has been affected by the Roman Catholic Church, and how the Roman Catholic Church has affected society ethically to a small and temporary degree.
The Success of Mussolini's Domestic Policies Mussolini's domestic policies can be summed up in to two groups, Fascist Policies and Non-Fascist policies. To simply say that the fascist policies were unsuccessful, while the Non-Fascist policies were quite successful and popular amongst the Italians, would be right, because of poor political incentives, and arrogant views. However, the surprising thing is that Mussolini stayed in power for so long, so we have to ask ourselves why. When Mussolini came in to power, he surprised and upset many fascists, by leaving non anti-fascist civil servants in their jobs with the majority becoming fascist members so they could get promoted.
The deepest roots that comprise my ancestral background began in Europe, specifically in Ireland and Italy. When thinking of this background in relation to the course themes and ideas, I began to consider the notions of religion and independence as major topics of discussion. The Christian religion is a shared characteristic between Ireland and Italy, and one trait that is a serious subject regarding the creation, development, and current affairs of both nations. Religious persecution and dominance as a link to independence movements, rebellions, and revolutions alike is a common theme that has been discussed in this course and is the most radiating piece of subject matter that both of these countries possess.