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Violence in sport influences
Effects of violence in sports
Violence in sport influences
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Overview of Literature Review
A review of spectator aggression research will be examined in this study. Two separate research studies indicated that spectator aggression was swayed by media propaganda. In one study the much heated anticipation of rival teams drew more fan perceived violence than the non-rival teams. In a similar study where fans perceived more violence in scripted play versus unscripted play also highlighted media’s influence. Whereas, “scripted” violence being the violence mostly planned and composed. (Raney & Kinnally, 2009; Raney & Depalma, 2006). In both studies, the heightened perception of violence in rival games violence and “scripted” violence aggression by the fans was significantly influenced by the media.
A review of research will also delve into the competitor’s aggressive behavior. Examining the role of gender, type of sports, competition levels all having a pivotal role in the level of aggression displayed by sports competitors (Coulomb-Cabagno & Rascle, 2006). The literature review will also look at player’s attitudes and how these players viewed aggression on the field as being a legitimate part of the game (Tucker & Parks, 2001).
Also, highlighted in the research is the various measures of aggression using both quantitative and qualitative means. Most of the reviewed studies examined used a qualitative means of collecting data by the use of questionnaires and interviews. However, in two different studies by DeNeui and Sachau (1996) and Russell and Russell (1984) the investigators used penalty points as a form of measuring aggression during hockey games. DeNeui and Sachau found that the number of penalties in a game was directly related to “spectator’s” enjoyment of the game. Simila...
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...sion or instrumental aggression to win the game. Whatever the case, research in media’s role and manipulation in encouraging and enticing violence and aggression and therefore heightening the acceptance of violence among spectators and competitors is abundantly needed.
Works Cited
Coakley, J. J. (2007). Sports in society: issues and controversies. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Jewell, R. T., Moti, A., & Coates, D. (2012). A Brief History of Violence and Aggression in Spectator Sports. In R. T. Jewell (Ed.), Violence and Aggression in Sporting Contests (pp. 11–26). Springer New York. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4419-6630-8_2
Writer, C. B. A. S. (2014, February 9). Marcus Smart Banned 3 Games for Shoving Fan. ABC News. Retrieved February 15, 2014, from http://abcnews.go.com/Sports/wireStory/world-peace-smart-learn-fan-incident-22433477
As long as there have been sports, there has been violence in them. Ice hockey, particularly due to its increasing popularity as a professional sport, has brought up several ethical issues regarding the act of fighting in hockey. There are strong arguments for both sides of this present problem in the world of hockey. Numerous male athletes, including children as young as nine years of age, have suffered injuries as an outcome of fighting and it should be considered if it should be part of a sport that very young people grow up with (Brust, Leonard, Pheley & Roberts, 1992).On the other hand, fights create excitement and the sport of hockey might grow in terms of popularity, making the problem of fighting in hockey complex and difficult to resolve (“Towards An Explanation Of Hockey Violence: A Reference Other Approach”). Even though hockey is known to be a very aggressive and fast-paced sport, the unsportsman-like action of fighting in hockey cannot longer be tolerated.
Defined as verbal or physical actions grounded in an intent to dominate, control, or do harm to another person, aggression will now be discussed (Coakley 2001). I felt the entire game of Rollerball was played in an aggressive manor. At no time did I witness finesse in the sport, only hitting and taking out players. There were also several verbal references such as: “drive their jaw into their head”, “hit the little fellas”, “bash in their faces”, and “feelin’ mean”, to name a few. Furthermore, there were aggressive acts outside of the game. For example, Johnathen choking Dapheny and even Johanthen and Swoop wrestling for fun.
“The NHL (national hockey league) is not in the business of comforting people, they’re in the business of entertainment, and if fighting represents a way to differentiate themselves from an entertainment stand point, then fighting isn’t going anywhere” In the 2014-15 season 1,230 games were played, and out of those games 391 fights were in action. 29.91% of games had fights, 45 games had more than one fight. Taking fighting out of the game of hockey is too big of a risk. I think the fans will be disappointed and the entertainment level will go way down. In my paper I’m going to write about why fighting in hockey should stay and why people think it should also.
Gina Marchetti, in her essay "Action-Adventure as Ideology," argues that action- adventure films implicitly convey complex cultural messages regarding American values and the "white American status quo." She continues to say that all action-adventure movies have the same basic structure, including plot, theme, characterization, and iconography. As ideology, this film genre tacitly expresses social norms, values, and morals of its time. Marchetti's essay, written in 1989, applies to films such as Raiders of the Lost Ark and Rambo: First Blood II. However, action-adventure films today seem to be straying farther away from her generalizations about structure, reflecting new and different cultural norms in America. This changing ideology is depicted best in Oliver Stone's Natural Born Killers (1994), which defies nearly every concept Marchetti proposes about action-adventure films; and it sets the stage for a whole new viewpoint of action in the '90's.
...esearch, were theory and practice made a good match. The researchers were able to control the side variables, and obtain trustful data to prove the hypothesis that there is a relation between violent video games and aggression, and that when isolating specific video game characteristics, competitiveness had a much larger impact on aggressive behavior than the violent content.
Reinforcement is one of the root cause of violence in athletics. Athletes are reinforced to be highly aggressive while competing either in the field or the track by the coach and captain. Their desire to be successful athletes also contribute to the aggressiveness. Sometimes, this aggressiveness may spill over into their social lives. When these athletes exaggerate their aggressiveness and direct into to their opponents, this leads to violence. The aggressive behavior in the filed or tack might sometimes be carried into other areas outside the sports arena. This can be a public place, the place of work or the domestic environment. When the athletes transfer their hostile behavior into these avenues, it is termed as violence many legal action can be taken against them.
March 8th, 2004 was supposed to be nothing more than a competitive and action packed regular season hockey game between feuding rivals, the Colorado Avalanche and the Vancouver Canucks. The game slipped away from the Canucks, with the Avalanche up 6-2 heading into the third period. The heated contested already had its fair share of fighting majors, but an incident that happened late in the third period shocked the more than 18,000 fans in attendance at Rogers Arena, the hockey community, and North America. After failing to instigate a fight with Avalanche forward Steve Moore, Todd Bertuzzi of the Vancouver Canucks grabbed the back of Moore’s jersey, landed a vicious punch to the back of Moore’s head, before slamming him face first on the ice and falling on top of him. Moore had to be helped off the ice on a stretcher, and has never returned to the NHL. Bertuzzi, on the other hand, was suspended for 20 games by NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman, and is still playing in the NHL for the Detroit Red Wings. This is one of many examples of deviance in sports, and how a win-at-all costs mentality can drive athletes to act in extreme manners. As a result of the growing commercialization of sports, athletes are socialized at young ages to believe that winning is everything, and that stopping at nothing will help you succeed. Athletes will do almost anything to gain the upper hand in their respective sports, whether it is through engaging in excessive on-field violence or through the use of performance enhancing drugs, excessively committing themselves to their sport, or by violating league rules and policies. In sports, deviance is viewed in a different light than in the outside world. As professional athletes strive towards conforming to spor...
Pallerino, M.J. (n.d.). Parental violence at youth sporting events in increasing. Retrieved February 10, 2011 from www.collegesportsscholarships.com: http://www.collegesportsscholarships.com/youth-sport-violent-ugly-parent.htm
.In addition young athletes have become more aggressive. Kids that participate in competitive sports are becoming more and more aggressive and competitive the sports have become themselves. Mitchell reveals "traits like bullying and the need to dominate their oppo...
Research guided by conflict theory generally falls into the following categories: 1) studies of how athletes become alienated from their own bodies; 2) studies of how sports can be used to coerce and control people; 3) studies of sports and the development of commercialism in society; 4) studies of sports and various forms of nationalism and militarism; and 5) studies of sports and racism and sexism. (Coakley, 1998) In the book, Meggyesy provided examples of each of these categories which occurred during his footba...
When examining the issue of criminal acts in sports it is easy to realize that there are many places where these acts occur. The range of these acts is far more vast than just in the professional arenas. This is, however, what the public sees and hears about most often. While this is one of the major topics of this paper, criminal acts are found in all of sport ranging from professionals, to college, high school, and in youth sports, including the reaction of the fans. This paper will take an in-depth look at the four major points regarding criminal acts in sport: the acts themselves; the consequences of those acts; the possible reasons for the acts occurring; an analysis of a few major events that have occurred and the possible solutions to the problem of criminal acts in sport. In the section about fan reaction to sport, there will be an overall account of the individual acts and not personal cases due to the overload of personal events that occur.
Aggression, whether it be direct or indirect, through words or physical violence, seeks to hurt. There are many sources of aggression and a variety of speculated causes, one being the desensitization of violence through watching violent video games. Violent video games and imagery have been highly debated and researched for years because of the seemingly clear connections between a desensitization of violent imagery to high exposure of violent video games. In the text, Social Psychology by Baron and Branscombe, the presumption that watching violent video games results in an increased desensitization to violent imagery is taken and explained in Chapter 10, Aggression: Its Nature, Causes and Control. Through different studies and the research
...ent behavior in order to win the game. Whereas, “sports violence can be seen as either an example of laudable competitive drive present in worthy participates or an underhanded attempts at rule bending” (Raney & Depalma, 2006). Moreover, decades of media exposure may have led to an increase in the acceptance of violence. Is media coverage exploiting sports violence and aggression for ratings? It’s unclear if fans are becoming desensitized and/or imitating the violence witnessed through the medium of media. Regardless, it’s abundantly clear the changes need to be made in light of the negative effects. Identifying and examining media’s role in the public’s acceptance of aggressive behavior in sports may aid society in minimizing the violence and aggression as much as possible surrounding sporting events to make sporting events safer for both players and fans.
The topic I have chosen for research paper is HOOLIGANISM in football. Although football hooliganism only became recognized by government and the media as a serious problem in the 1960s, hooligan behavior at football has a long history. Between the wars, football generally became more ‘respectable’ and crowd problems diminished but did not disappear. As far as most football fans at top matches are concerned, hooliganism no longer seems to be a terribly serious problem. In 2000, 19% of all FA Premier League fans reported they had witnessed hooliganism or missile throwing at matches in the 1999/2000 season. When asked which are the serious problems facing the game today FA Premier League fans pointed to ticket prices, ‘big business’ and kick-off times. Only 28% highlighted hooliganism. Also, in 2001 only 7% of all FA Premier League club supporters thought hooliganism was actually increasing as a problem at football. In the Football League, hooliganism seems to be a problem around a relatively small number of clubs and specific matches. However, the NCIS annual list of football incidents seems more likely these days to involve rivals from noted Football League clubs than supporters of the larger FA Premier League outfits. (Sir Norman Chester research Centre data)
With the increase in society taking a stance against violence, sports has become an area where some feel that the violent acts such as the hitting and fighting that occurs should be eliminated. It is very difficult to change the way that a game is played because people have been playing it that way for years. The violence in sports needs to be eliminated because of the extreme cases that continue to haunt many of the leagues and the players themselves.