One of the most primitive domesticated crops is Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) holds prime importance to the world’s agriculture and economy. Bread wheat is being widely grown as food sources and is a central point to the agriculture of the world (Tayyar, 2008). Top ten wheat producers of the wheat in the world are China, India, United States, Russia, France, Canada, Australia, Germany, Pakistan and Turkey. Wheat occupies a central position in the agriculture and the economy of Pakistan (Khan et al., 2007). It contributes 12.5 percent to the agriculture sector and 3.1 percent towards national GDP (Govt. of Pak., 2009). On the world wide scale Pakistan is the 8th largest wheat producer, with 3.17% of the world wheat …show more content…
turgidum L. var. durum). Both the species are different from one another in genomic make-up, in food end-use quality attributes and in grain composition. About 95% of the total wheat produced in the world is hexaploid bread wheat and 75% of the wheat produced in the world is tetraploid durum wheat (Shewry, 2009). In Pakistan almost all of the wheat grown is of hexaploid …show more content…
One set of markers known as Simple Sequence Repeats or microsatellites have been used to study genetic distance estimation in hexaploid wheat varieties (Stachel et al., 2000). Microsatellites are simple sequence repeats (SSR) of about 1-6 nucleotides and are scattered throughout the genome. They show high level of polymorphism than other genetic marker and are codominant in nature (Roder et al., 1995; Plaschke et al., 1995). There ease of detection and the complete coverage over the 21 chromosomes of wheat make them ideal for studying wheat germplasm diversity.SSR markers have been used in a seed bank collection of improve germplasm of wheat (Borner et al., 2000; Huang et al., 2002; Hammer et al., 2000).There are reports where SSRs have been used to identify alien chromatin introgressed in wheat. For example Fahima et al., (1998) and later Peng et al., (1999) used microstallites to map a stripe rust resistance gene derived from Triticum dicoccoides in wheat background. The SSR markers have also been used to differentiate closely related wheat varieties. In a study aimed at detection of genetic variability in 40 closely related bread wheat varieties, Plaschke et al., (1995) used a set of microsatellites markers and found 56% genetic distance in wheat varieties they studied. Their study also suggested that even a relatively
Kingsolver indicated that these wheat crops are undergoing natural selection. More specifically, there are four conditions that must be legitimate for natural selection to engage in a given
Upon arrival in the Americas, Europeans set out to make wheat the standard grain in the lands they had discovered; the establishment of wheat was both functional, as it was a staple of the European diet, as well as an attempt to institutionalize European control. While wheat did gain some ground in the Americas, especially among the upper classes, it failed to surmount maize as the “the foundation of indigenous livelihood.” The persistence of maize as a staple of the indigenous way of life is not shocking, as J. Eric Thompson writes: “Maize was a great deal more than the economic basis of Maya civilization: it was the focal point of worship, and to it every Maya who worked the soil built a shrine in his own heart.” The Americas were not
Evidence has shown that the corn we know today is quite different from the first time it was domesticated in Mexico. Although researchers and the academic world acknowledge that corn began its world journey in Mexico, they are unsure as to the time and location of the earliest domestication (American Society of Plant Biologist). Through genetics, teosinte is found to be corn’s wild ancestor. Although the two do not look much alike, at a DNA level they are surprisingly alike, such as having the same number of chromosomes and a remarkably similar arrangement of genes (The University of Utah).
The Wheat Boom in Canada in the late 1890s and early 1900s contributed to the rise of an agrarian economy, where the family formed the basic production unit. Women played an important role in the family by tending to domestic chores and child rearing. At about the same time, the rise of industrial capitalism drew men into the industrial wage-labour market. The women’s contribution to the domestic front enabled men to participate in wage earning opportunities, due to which the MLFPR was notably above 90 percent. The rise of large-scale factory production raised the insatiable demand for cheap labour. Employers began to recruit women as cheap unskilled or semi-skilled labourers in some light industries, such as textiles,
Six weeks previous to the conductance of this lab, Biology 108 section,planted wheat and mustard plants according to table#1 on page 3 of the Principles of Biology 108 Lab Manual . This table depicts all of the total pots and number and type of seeds planted in the pots. It accounts for the experiments of the intraspecific competition and interspecific competition. Replicates of each pot were planted to add precision and more acceptable statistics. Therefore, there were 40 pots, that is, 20 treatments conducted twice(Ciara, 1993).
With the rapid growth of our global population pouring into the next millennium, we will witness an ever-growing hunger rate around the world. That is unless we call for a revolution on the global scale. The Green Revolution which already sprouted in the early part of the century only need to add a bit more momentum and we will see a bright future for the human race, a future without hunger and starvation ¡V hopefully.It is becoming increasingly difficult for the planet to support its overwhelming population. And since the amount of arable land available is becoming scarce, we must seek ways to dramatically improve crop yields of existing cropland.
Before the land of what we no class Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, and other countries in the middle east grains, such as wheat and wild barley, could be seen growing in the wild without human hand to cultivate and nurture it (Authors 2007). Over time, humans began to recognize the benefit of the plants and began the first signs of human agriculture. The skill of farming took time and trial and error, but along the way, humans began to settle down to tend to their crops. Though the first crops were nothing more than seed s thrown about without rhyme or reason to the process we know today such as fields having, rows and sorting out the seeds to create a higher yield each harvest (Authors 2007). Because of the trial and error process, agriculture of plants did not take place of a short period but took many, many years to evolve to what we know today as agriculture; the new fa...
Throughout the history of the human race there have been a great number of crops that were discovered, planted, and over time domesticated. Wheat in the Middle East, rice in Asia, and rye in Eastern Europe are all some of today’s staple crops that feed millions every day. Crops like these make up over 50% of the world’s total food supply. However, the third most eaten crop in the world is maize, or corn, which provides 21% of human nutrition. Today maize feeds millions across the world, but its history is different from the others.
Agriculture is not all work and no play. Many advances can be made in the understanding of agriculture by making available a variety of methods to provide children with a hands-on experience and also educating all individuals about the importance of the practice. The ignorance of urban communities can be overcome with the help of organizations and people within the community. School visits, hands-on experiences, volunteers and organizations are just a few examples of the steps that can be taken to educate Americans about agriculture and close the gap between rural and urban populations.
In Genesis 1:29, God said, “I give you every seed-bearing plant on the face of the whole earth and every tree that has fruit with seed in it. They will be yours for food.” From the beginning God has given us food for life. Plants, meats, trees, and fruits are offered to us as a means of sustenance from the very same God who made them long ago.
Food advertisements, supermarket displays, and restaurant menus increasingly highlight foods, particularly bread, as being gluten-free. Gluten consists of two proteins, gliadin and glutamine, which combine and help produce light and fluffy bread (Lord, 2012). Wheat is bred for its high gluten content which serves efficiently well for all bakers and chefs. Today, gluten is becoming a problem in society since allergic reactions to the protein have increased. Bread is a worldwide staple food and gluten is a predominant aspect within the dough mixture. Gluten free bread is basically fixed as it was thousands of years ago without the fermentation of yeast and the mixture of sourdough.
Humans depend on plants in numerous ways. One reason we depend on plants is for consumption. Plants have the unique ability of producing their own food through a process called photosynthesis. In this process, plants are able to produce macromolecules such as carbohydrates that cannot be produced in animals or humans. In humans, the only to gain these macromolecules is to consume plant matter, or consume plant-eating animals (herbivores).
Barley is a very important grain in the world today. It is very versatile in every way. It has been well adapted through its evolution. It has a very mysterious and much debated beginning. Now however, barely has become well known and so have its many uses. Barley, which is of the genus Hordeum, is a cereal that belongs to the grass family Poaceae. Barley has many different varieties. The most common is Hordeum vulgare, which is a six-rowed type of barley that has a spike notched on opposite sides with three spikelets on each notch. At each notch there is a flower or floret that later develops into a kernel. Hordeum distichum is a two-rowed type of barley that has central florets producing kernels and it has lateral florets that are sterile. Lastly there is Hordeum irregulare which has fertile central florets and different arrangements of sterile and fertile lateral florets. This is the least cultivated species of the three main forms (2).
Agriculture has always been one of the pillars that our nation’s economy depends upon. As this industry grows and expands agriculture is not just farming. There’s so many different occupations that are involved with the industry that aren’t out in the fields produces food and fiber. With such an evolving industry, education is key to make sure everyone is up to speed with the newest knowledge and technology. Agricultural education, plays a huge role in educating the people within the industry along with people that benefit from it.
Agriculture is quite possibly the most important advancement and discovery that humanity has made. It produces the one thing that we need the most: food. It has been around since 9500 BC, and can be the oldest sign of mankind’s acumen and the development and evolving of our minds and creations. Agriculture has been mastered throughout hundreds of years and is one of our most important resources on Earth, along with water and fossil fuels. Although the older farming methods from ancient times seem somewhat mediocre and barbaric, they were very ingenious and advanced for that time period. Over thousands of years, we have improved the way agriculture is used, how land is cultivated, the various techniques of farming and irrigation, and the tools and mechanics used. Numerous things that we see as aboriginal today, such as using a hand plow, were extremely contemporary in ancient times, and played key roles in the development of man and society, since quick labor was not abundant before this time. We are now extremely advanced in agriculture and irrigation and the tools used to farm and grow and harvest crops. We have learned from our past and ancestors how to grow and evolve in our methods and have advanced forward greatly.