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Functional Perspective on Group Decision Making
Group dynamics
Society's influence on personal values
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We all consider ourselves nonconformists, however, we all have a tendency to conform in social situations. In today’s society, we increasingly value individuality and creativity. Ironically, many people are still conforming. This creates an interesting paradox; we maintain that we value nonconformity, how we label those who do not conform as deviates and subsequently exclude them from many social interactions. This indicates something of particular interest about our society, what we value and believe is not acted upon during group situations. This has ultimately lead to a prevalent phenomenon of deindividuation. That is, when put in-group situations, the individual has a reduced sense of self-awareness, and thus suppress their personal opinions. …show more content…
Over every situation, each participant revealed that they believed they would not be influenced by the group. That is, they believed they would not to conform.
From these two studies, it is evident that the majority of people view themselves as nonconformists. This presents an interesting thought. In both of these studies, each participant functioned as an individual. These situations, although portraying how an individual believes they would operate, ultimately lack in social pressure. Consequently, the participants in these studies would intrinsically exhibit lower levels of conformity.
In contrast, the experiment, which I have conducted, show how the individual would act when put in unclear situations. That is the actuality of conformity rather than a perception. These experiments subsequently revealed that 70% of participants had conformed at least once whereas only 30% had never conformed. From this, it is clear that when put in unclear social situations, the individual would tend towards social
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In this experiment, approximately 75% of participants had conformed at least once leaving only 25% of participants never conforming. This experiment effectively shows that when put in social situations; the majority of people would
Many people have trouble being apart of a society. These troubles come from trying to fit in, which is also known as conforming. Another trouble is trying to express one’s own style with one’s own opinion. This is a trouble due to the fact that many people have the fear of being frowned upon when being the black sheep of the group if one’s opinion does not correspond with other opinions. This is where one’s own sense of who they are, individuality, and trying to fit in, conformity, can get confused. A nickname for conformity is “herd behavior” which is the name of an article where the author relates animals that herd with people that conform. Many people have a different philosophy of this topic which will be expressed in this essay. An important
The world is divided up into numerous things: Countries, states, cities, communities, etc. However, when looking at the big scope of things, one can group the vast amount of people into a society. This society is where the majority lie in the scheme of things - in other words, the common people. Individuals do exist in this society, but they are scarce in a world of conformism. Society’s standards demands an individual to conform, and if the individual refuses they are pushed down by society.
So far, conformity has been discussed in terms of group identification and social roles. However, individuals also tend to change prior beliefs to seek group acceptance. Asch (1951) investigated the effect of group pressure on conformity by asking participants to make a line judgment with seven confederates that gave the same obviously incorrect answer. Yet, 37% of participants conformed by giving the incorrect majority answer, whereas in the absence of group pressure, less than 1% of participants conformed (Asch, 1951). There are implications on normative influence as individuals, despite knowing the majority opinion was incorrect, may conform to avoid social punishment (Breckler et al., 2005). However, Turner and colleagues (1987) argued
According to Milgram, one of his participants explains his reason for carrying on was because the experimenter was entirely responsible. (Milgram, Obedience to Authority. , However, social norms and social roles have a great influence on how behaviour can be shaped. It is from these influences that people tend to make judgment about which behaviour is acceptable or not acceptable. Milgram’s experiments on obedience gives scholars an understanding of how individuals obey in certain situations and settings.
Philip Zimbardo once said, “Treating other people as insignificant, as anonymous, as dehumanized, bothered me very much. So one of the things I studied later on was the psychology of deindividuation.” He soon proposed the idea of deindividuation to be a mental state in which a person is “less concerned with the future, with normal societal constraints on behavior, and with the consequence of their actions.” (Gilovich 2013) This state usually happens when one is absorbed in a large group. Zimbardo had done much research on studying the effects of deindividuation amongst people in groups. His results proved that when anonymous people feel isolated from others and had no regard to their actions. Additionally, this state is also active when one is not held to consequences of their actions. While in this state people are more likely to be involved in impulsive behaviors due to a lower threshold for exhibiting actions that are usually held back. (Gilovich 2013) There is also the idea that there is more incentive to act because of heightened arousal, and less of a restraint because of the weakened sense of responsibility.
The most basic concept in social psychology is conformity. Conformity is the idea that behaviour or a belief is changed in order to follow, or conform, to what is considered the “norm.” One of the oldest experiments to support this notion was conducted in 1935 by Muzafer Sherif (Song, Ma, Wu, Li, 2012 p. 1366). There are two different types of
“Social conformity has been practiced in societies around the world since ancient times,” and the reason it is so effective is that humans have an inherent need to be accepted as part of a group (Sadat). Furthermore, Hossna Sadat reports that:
We, as humans, hold individualism in the highest regard, yet fail to realize that groups diminish our individuality. Lessing writes, “when we’re in a group, we tend to think as that group does. but we also find our thinking changing because we belong to a group” (p. 334). Groups have the tendency to generate norms, or standards, for behavior in certain situations. Not following these norms can make you stand out and, therefore, groups have the ability to influence our thoughts and actions in ways that are consistent with the groups’ values.
Conformity, compliance and obedience are behavioural consequences of social influence (real or imagined social pressure) that occur in the presence of a group or other individuals (Elsenbroich & Xenitidou, 2012). Often these concepts are misinterpreted as being the same or even synonymous and while they do have similarities they are also very dissimilar. In social psychology conformity, compliance and obedience are distinct concepts that coincide due to their effect on behaviour in the presence of others. Pascual, Line Felonneau, Guéguen & Lafaille (2013) define conformity as an altering of behaviour and beliefs in an individual in order to reflect the behaviour and beliefs of the group that holds influence, though Myers (2014) emphasises that
Although Asch conducted many variations on his test of conformity, and he has been criticized as being too simplistic to accurately represent true conformist behaviour his experiment has stood the test of time and examination
The second motive that explains why people conform according to Deutsch and Gerard, (1955) is based on informational social influence. According to Festinger, (1950, 1954 in Hogg & Vaughan 2007) this type of influence is associated with uncertainty. Here individuals are uncertain and lack knowledge as to how to behave in certain situations. Festinger referred to this as social comparison in which individuals are not fully confident about their beliefs, attitudes and opinions and therefore yield to majority in order to be correct. This occurs particularly under ambiguous conditions and is clearly demonstrated in Asch’s (1956 in Hogg and Vaughan 2007) and Sherif’s (1936 in Hogg and Vaughan 2007) studies in which participants converged on similar answers particularly when the tasks became extremely difficult for them to be able to rely on their own judgments (in Bailey et al.
Elliot Aronson (2012) provides a definition of conformity, two social psychological processes that underlie a conformity and cited examples of reasons why people conform in the book, The Social Animal. Aronson (2012) defines a conformity as “a change in a person’s behavior or opinion as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or group of people” (p.19). In accordance with Aronson’s (2012) definition of conformity, people do conform owing to the social influence, which are two main social psychological processes: belonging and getting information.
Individuality and conformity both play a major role in society. No matter what it may be individuals will need to choose appropriately between conforming and acting individualistically about their situation. Individuality allows individuals to freely express themselves while conformity offers safety under the protection of other conformers. Both of these aspects are beneficial to many individuals and is a key to maintaining societal order; however, it is disastrous to have too much of either side of the spectrum. Therefore, there should be a balance between individuality and conformity because having too much of either side morally and physically harms components of society, such that it pressures and forces individuals to do tasks against their will, and causes individuals to think selfishly and worry solely about themselves.
Well for me, I noticed that, whether it was deciding where to hangout with my friends, saying yes just to not start a disagreement. Or in class when my opinions differ sometimes I just go along with what everyone else is saying so I’m not left out. I would have to identify myself as a conformist in this context. It intrigued me to write about how people can be so easily led into pushing down their own beliefs to agree with everyone else in a social setting or private group. In other words Conformity is when a person changes their view on something or their behavior in certain ways to fit in with the particular group norm. It could be anywhere, whether in class or at work during a meeting. Factors that can influence feelings of certain pressure and insecurity can lead to conformity. Group size also plays an important role. The influence can decrease if there are more than 3-4
On a daily basis, people are being influenced by the people around them, whether it is directly or indirectly. A person’s thoughts, feelings and actions can influence and be influenced by society. These social interactions provide enough opportunity for the presence of people to influence and change behavior, views, and attitudes of an individual. There are several forms of social influences, such as conformity, which I will be discussing. Why we conform has been a topic of considerable interest to social psychologists in particular such as he classic and well-known studies of Muzafer Sherif and Solomon Asch. In addition to researching why we conform, there’s also the question of whether conformity is good or bad.