Soldiers sown from dragon teeth, golden robots built by Hephaestus, and three-legged tables that could move under their own power - the Greeks were the first to cross the divide between machine and human. Although the history of Artificial Intelligence (AI) began with these myths and speculations, it is becoming a part of everyday life. How did it evolve so quickly, and what are its implications for the future?
Artificial Intelligence is “the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior.” Although the term was coined in 1955 by John McCarthy, stories about artificial beings with consciousness can be traced back to Ancient Greece. In one Greek legend, Cadmus, a Phoenician prince, kills a sacred water-dragon after it slays
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A race of fierce armed men called the Spartoi grow from the teeth. In another legend, a Greek god called Hephaestus builds a giant automaton made of bronze called Talos. Talos circles the island of Europa to protect it from pirates and invaders. Lastly, Hephaestus builds three-legged tables with golden wheels that can move themselves. Each of these Greek myths demonstrate the initial concept of AI. Pamela McCorduck writes that the concept began with “an ancient wish to forge the gods.”
In the 1940s and 1950s scientists began to discuss the possibility of creating an artificial brain. Research sped up after neurologists discovered that the brain is an electrical network of neurons. Then, in 1950, Alan Turing published a paper in which he discussed the possibility of creating machines that think. Since "thinking" is difficult to define, he created the “Turing Test.” The test stated that a machine could “think” if it was able to carry on a teleprinter conversation that was indistinguishable from a human
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For example, it has a major impact on transportation. Using location data from smartphones, Google Maps can analyze the speed of traffic at any given time. With access to vast amounts of data, Maps can reduce commute times by suggesting the fastest routes to and from work. Commercial flights also rely on AI. The New York Times reports that the average flight of a Boeing plane involves only seven minutes of human-steered flight, which is typically reserved only for takeoff and landing. In the future, AI will have an even more drastic impact on transportation via self-driving cars. These cars will result in up to 90% fewer accidents, more efficient ride sharing to reduce the number of cars on the road by up to 75%, and smart traffic lights that reduce wait times by 40% and overall travel time by
The Turing test was a test that allows humans to evaluate the question “can machines think?” Turing evaluates that one should not ask if machines can think, but conduct an experiment which can prove that it can think. In order to answer this question, Turing created
The official foundations for "artificial intelligence" were set forth by A. M. Turing, in his 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" wherein he also coined the term and made predictions about the field. He claimed that by 1960, a computer would be able to formulate and prove complex mathematical theorems, write music and poetry, become world chess champion, and pass his test of artificial intelligences. In his test, a computer is required to carry on a compelling conversation with humans, fooling them into believing they are speaking with another human. All of his predictions require a computer to think and reason in the same manner as a human. Despite 50 years of effort, only the chess championship has come true. By refocusing artificial intelligence research to a more humanlike, cognitive model, the field will create machines that are truly intelligent, capable of meet Turing's goals. Currently, the only "intelligent" programs and computers are not really intelligent at all, but rather they are clever applications of different algorithms lacking expandability and versatility. The human intellect has only been used in limited ways in the artificial intelligence field, however it is the ideal model upon which to base research. Concentrating research on a more cognitive model will allow the artificial intelligence (AI) field to create more intelligent entities and ultimately, once appropriate hardware exists, a true AI.
In the essay "Toward An Intelligence Beyond Man’s" by Robert Jastrow, the author showed his view on computer intelligence and predicted that computer intelligence will be a new kind of evolution. Jastrow stateed that computer nowadays is as intelligent as human brain; they can communicate with human, learn from experience, and raise logical questions. The more complex the computer, the better they imitate human. He predicted that computer will as important as life in future years. Then, Jastrow used the example of Arthur Samuel and IBM computer to show computers can learn faster through motivation, even they do not have emotions and drives as human do. He also points out that computer and human brain share some characteristics; they both freeze out when handle too many tasks, and they outclass fast decisions under a crisis. Jastrow said even human still have the control power, computers learn much faster than humans’ intelligence. Then, in an ultimate situation, computers and human w ill become partners; they completely depends on each other to survive. However, Jastrow thought this partnership will not stay long; as computer will become more and more clever , but human evolution of intelligence is almost finished. He suggested that computer will be the new kind of intelligence which surpass human, as a new evolution of life. He said the history had proved it takes a million year for human evolution. It took less time , compare to a billion years of evolution from worm to human. By the incredibly fast rate of technology improvement, Jastrow thought computer will evolve in a much shorter period of time.
...at today is known as the Turing Test. This was a test where a person would ask questions from both a human and a machine without knowing which was which. If after a reasonable amount of time the difference between the two was not obvious, then the machine was thought to be somewhat intelligent. A version of this test is still used today by the Boston Museum of Computers to host a contest of the best artificial machines for the Loebner Prize.
Artificial Intelligence continues to grow and expand at a fast rate, which begs the question, will Artificial Intelligence move to the top of the food chain? Artificial Intelligence is software that is meant to tackle tasks that would normally require a human intellect. It is created by a number of algorithms that operate within in certain parameters, which allows it to complete certain tasks. Nils J. Nilsson, professor of Stanford University describes Artificial intelligence as “ an activity devoted to making machines intelligent, and intelligence is that quality that enables an entity to function appropriately and with foresight in its environment”. The article on the New York Times Debate page talks about the advancement of Artificial Intelligence,
Artificial Intelligence is a term not too widely used in today’s society. With today’s technology we haven’t found a way to enable someone to leave their physical body and let their mind survive within a computer. Could it be possible? Maybe someday, but for now it’s just in theory. The novel by William Gibson, Neuromancer, has touched greatly on the idea of artificial intelligence. He describes it as a world where many things are possible. By simply logging on the computer, it opens up a world we could never comprehend. The possibilities are endless in the world of William Gibson.
Companies like Google, Tesla and Nissan, among others, have announced over the past few years that their companies are trying to develop self-driving or autonomous cars [Ref. 1 and 2]. Self-driving cars can provide many benefits to the average consumer. Studies have shown that because computers can react and process information many times faster than a human being, crashes on streets and roads can be decreased with quick and consistent evasion maneuvers by the autonomous car. They can also help maximize fuel economy by calculating the most direct and fastest routes. When the driving of an autonomous car demonstrates that the computer can safely and reliably transport the passengers to their destination, this frees up the passengers to do other things that they would not normally be able to do if they were driving the car manually. For this reason, self-driving cars can help maximize productivity of their passengers.
When most people think of artificial intelligence they might think of a scene from I, Robot or from 2001: A Space Odyssey. They might think of robots that highly resemble humans start a revolution against humanity and suddenly, because of man’s creation, man is no longer the pinnacle of earth’s hierarchy of creatures. For this reason, it might scare people when I say that we already utilize artificial intelligence in every day society. While it might not be robots fighting to win their freedom to live, or a defense system that decides humanity is the greatest threat to the world, artificial intelligence already plays a big role in how business is conducted today.
According to the natural evolutionary rule of “survival of the fittest”, all organisms followed this rule for evolution in the past thousands of years. Mankind, who has the highest Intelligence Quotient among all organisms, also got evolution through this “survival of the fittest”; we gradually stand on the top of the pyramid of all living beings, and are even the master of the Earth. But today, we found that natural selection may be substituted at any time. In particular, science develops along with artificial intelligence — the non-organic organisms. Artificial intelligence, which is intelligence exhibited by machines, is called a breakthrough for self-realization of human. Once upon a time, artificial intelligence was just a branch of computer science, and it was the simulation of human’s
In today’s rapidly changing world, technology has given us a possible future in the field of Artificial Intelligence. An August, 1999 article entitled “12: Machines Will Be Smarter Than We Are,” explains how Artificial Intelligence is inevitable. It also explains when and how it will transform civilization. The facts and examples used in the article may not give a full picture of the situation, but succeed in presenting a strong argument.
Artificial intelligence is a concept that has been around for many years. The ancient Greeks had tales of robots, and the Chinese and Egyptian engineers made automations. However, the idea of actually trying to create a machine to perform useful reasoning could have begun with Ramon Llull in 1300 CE. After this came Gottfried Leibniz with his Calculus ratiocinator who extended the idea of the calculating machine. It was made to execute operations on ideas rather than numbers. The study of mathematical logic brought the world to Alan Turing’s theory of computation. In that, Alan stated that a machine, by changing between symbols such as “0” and “1” would be able to imitate any possible act of mathematical
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the intellect that unveiled by the devices. In computer science the supreme "intelligent machine” is a supple cogent factor that detects its surroundings and take actions that increase the chance of success in approaching the goals (Russell & Norvig 2003). In the colloquial manner, the term "artificial intelligence" is used when the machine imitate the intellectual feature that make able humans to
In my opinion, artificial intelligence can be best described as the ability for computers and other systems to be able to complete tasks that humans do on a daily basis. In short, basically remove the human aspect of a certain task or operation, and replace it with a computer programed machine to fulfill the task. I believe that this is the end goal of the development of artificial intelligence. To be able to have machines do the tedious work that humans have to do every day.
Artificial intelligence is defined as developing computer programs to solve complex problems by applications of processes that are analogous to human reasoning processes. Roughly speaking, a computer is intelligent
Artificial intelligence is an idea of if the human thought process can be mechanized. It was around the 1940’s – 50’s that a group of people came together to discuss the possibility of creating an artificial brain and its uses. These people were a variety of scientists from different fields such as mathematics, economics, engineering, and etc. This was the birth of the field of artificial intelligence. While artificial intelligence would prove to be technologically revolutionary by introducing new ideas such as quantum computers or robots, said new ideas could result in the downfall of mankind. The result could range to being the plummet of the economy, the end of the human race, or even the corruption of the next generation and onwards. All of these problems resulting in the possibility of the end of the earth. The more we need to learn more about technology and further advance it, the closer we are getting to the extinction of the human race. These are the reasons why the advancement of artificial intelligent should be halted or banned so no harm can be done even without the intentions.