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Introduction
The Eiffel Tower is one of the most recognizable structures in the world. It is located in Paris, France on the Champ de Mars. Construction was completed in 1889, just in time for the 1889 Universal Exposition. At the time of completion, it was the tallest structure in the world and held the title for forty-one years. It was the first man made structure to surpass one thousand feet. Today it is the second tallest structure in France after the Millau Viaduct. This project which seems to have followed a design-build approach was managed by head engineer and company owner, Gustave Eiffel.
Project Manager: Gustave Eiffel
Gustave Eiffel, Figure 1, was born in Dijon, France on December 15th, 1832. Figure 1: Gustave Eiffel
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Many of the competitors were outraged that an engineer could believe at “his iron monstrosity” would be chosen for the centrepiece of not only the Exposition but also the beautiful city of Paris (Jonnes, 2010). A French architect, Jules Boudais, began promoting his own design in February of 1885. Jonnes (2010) explains that his design was “a one-thousand-foot-tall Sun Column, a classical granite tower of elegant loggias enclosing a hollow center.” Bourdais challenged Eiffel’s design by asking “how elevators could go up and down inside his tower’s curved legs,” (Jonnes, 2010). For the year before the design was chosen architects attacked Eiffel’s design and tried to persuade the government into choosing Bourdois design, (Jonnes, 2010). Edouard Lockroy, France’s Minister of Trade, announced a change to the terms of the competition on May 1st, 1886. These changes stated that each entry had to be a design for an iron tower of three-hundred meters on the Champ de Mars, (“Eiffel Tower” Wikipedia, n.d.). This amendment made Eiffel’s design a guaranteed winner. All entries had to be submitted by May 18th, 1886. Jonnes (2010) states that “though Lockroy suggested that the design by for an iron tower of 300 meters, many among the 107 entrants ignored that guideline.” She then goes on to talk about the other designs that were submitted for …show more content…
The website article “Financing the Eiffel Tower” explains this contract in further detail and states that “Edouard Lockroy, minister and head committee of the 1889 World’s Fair, representing the state, Eugene Poubelle, representing the city of Paris and Gustave Eiffel, signed a Tripartite Concession Agreement,” (“Financing the Eiffel Tower”, 2013). This contract established that Eiffel was responsible for the design, construction, and financing of the Eiffel Tower. For twenty years after the Exposition was complete, the tower would be under Eiffel’s ownership and control. After twenty years the Eiffel Tower would be transferred to the City of Paris, (“Financing the Eiffel Tower”, 2013). This contract is referred to as a Build-Own/Operate-Transfer
The age old fortress stands as a monument of English and European history. Through monarchs, bloody battles, from prisoners to executions and a touch from all London’s prominent events in history, the Tower Of London is renowned for more than just its magnificent appearance.
The Exposition held in Paris a few years prior unveiled the Eiffel Tower, possibly the most remarkable landmark of the time. In order to prove itself, America had to create a fair that would at least equal this engineering marvel. The first of the two men was Daniel Burnham, a gifted architect and the Fair's chief builder and organizer. He represents the American idealism that you can achieve the impossible, as was done at the Fair. The "White City" as the exposition became known as ...
However, it wasn’t until the construction of the Eiffel Tower that stirred Americans. “The [Eiffel] tower not only assured the eternal fame of its designer, Alexandre Gustave Eiffel, but also offered graphic proof that France had edged out the United States for dominance in the realm of iron and steel, despite the Brooklyn Bridge, the Horseshoe Curve, and other Undeniable accomplishments of American engineers.” (pg.15). Americans were baffled, how could France be ahead of the race that America started? Discussions of a fair to be built in Chicago were announced, the same men who were responsible for the rebuilding of Chicago after the Great Fire of 1871 would be on the committee for building this great fair (pg.16). This fair would be a display of modern or ancient times. Being that there was one in Paris, it was only right for America to have one, and the goal was for it to be bigger and better. Once approved by government officials and personnel on the committee, there was a decision to construct The Chicago’s World Fair; which would also be referred to as the World’s Columbian Exposition. The lead architects Daniel Burnham and John Root knew that failure wasn’t an option. They could not let the nation’s honor or reputation become tarnished (pg.33). Burnham and Root had the job of insuring the nation’s egotism and prominence by exceeding the expectations of civilians. This was an extremely hard job, for both Burnham and Root this would be their biggest challenge, yet they would excel due to their expertise and power to imagine and
The “White City” was a vast collection of architecture and arts that were put on display in the year 1893. The Chicago World Fair, also called the “White City”, was a major event in American history that impacted America’s culture, economic, and industry. The Chicago World Fair was held to honor Columbus’ discovery of the New World. The real reason why it was made was to proudly have back their wealth and power. Larson said, “the tower not only assured the eternal fame of its designer, Alexandre Gustave Eiffel but also offered graphic proof that France had edged out the United States for dominance in the realm of iron and steel…”(15). To accomplish this, architects led by Daniel Burnham and John Root made numerous buildings and beautiful scenery
Le Corbusier was a Swiss-French artist mostly known for his work in architecture, but also practiced some in painting, design, and writing. He was closely associated with the new “modern” architecture movement and was a leader in the new field of urban planning in the mid 20th century. The works he produced can be found in Europe, the United State, and India. His work was both widely praised and criticized throughout his life and after his death. In addition to producing many great works of architecture, Le Corbusier led a full and very interesting personal life.
The Tower of London is one of the most famous historical buildings in the world. Constructed by William the Conqueror in 1078, this grim, grey, and awe-inspiring tower, is the most haunted building in England. Perhaps the most well known ghostly residents of the Tower of London are the spirits of Anne Boleyn, Sir Walter Raleigh, The Princes in the Tower and among others.
Its known that its existence could have the potential to one day spark the interest of young minds that could eventually help contribute to our world's future. Although he funded its creation to the city, he was unable to see it go through construction nor the outcome of what it has become. After his death, the city proceeded with its construction. It was crucial at the time, because World War 2 was occurring during that time. Furthermore, Griffith J. Griffith never saw its construction take place, but a motion picture room and telescope were essential for him to provide for the public.
It could be argued that the greatest architectural structure ever created by Canadians is the CN Tower. Construction on the CN Tower first started on February 6, 1973 and finished on June 26, 1976. The CN Tower was considered to be a breakthrough when it was first created because it broke a record set previously. Once the CN Tower was complete it gained the title as the “world’s tallest free-standing structure” at 1815.4 feet. The creation of the CN Tower was a defining moment for Canada and still impacts Canadians today. One reason why the CN Tower was a defining moment is because it solved a communication problem that the city of Toronto was experiencing at that time. Another reason why the CN Tower is important is because it helps our economy by attracting many tourists every year. The most important reason why the CN Tower was a defining moment is because it gives Canadians a sense of inspiration and national pride.
One of the most influential and well-known architectural engineers in America during the twentieth century has got to be Frank Lloyd Wright. He’s created and designed many creative and functional buildings for most of his career which spanned to about seventy years. His futuristic and modern designs were unique and creative, yet they were still functional for one to live in them. His eccentric thinking has brought about and greatly influenced the image of twentieth century architecture. His works have paved the way to the designs and structures of the civil engineers and architects that we have today in the twenty-first century.
The Willis Tower has many information and cool things that you can learn about, is a unique building and has many fun things to do. The Willis Tower makes the Chicago skyline very beautiful and the building is a structure known to almost everyone. It is a famous building and it is a modern structure of our world and is very elegant inside. The Willis Tower is many things like a city, an attraction, and a big service place. If you want to see the Willis Tower, come to Chicago and check it out. It may be a great experience to go into Chicago’s tallest building.
Each tower was 1,362 feet tall. When they were new, they were the tallest towers in the world and they held this record for two years (Abbot 1). The Sears Tower surpassed their record of the tallest towers in 1973 (Aderson 757). After his performance, Petit was arrested (Abbot 1). As part of his sentence, Petit was to perform his tightrope act at Central Park. Subsequent to his performance, Petit has done a number of tightrope acts (“Philippe Petit Biography” 1).
The Eiffel tower was constructed by a bridge builder named Alexander Gustave Eiffel with the engineers Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier, and architect Stephen Sauvestre on March 31, 1889. They started building the Eiffel Tower on January 26, 1887. Alexander Gustave Eiffel has previously worked on west train stations and the interior of the Statue of Liberty. In 1889, Paris hosted a World’s Fair to mark the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution. The tower opened to the public in May 1889.
The man behind the works of the Statue of Liberty, was born in France 1834, his name was Frederic Auguste Bartholdi. Wanting to fight for liberty, he went to New York harbor. This land looked like a perfect place for a statue, continuing its construction in 1875; Bartholdi used many women as models, including his own mother Charlotte. He had Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel, the man behind the creation of the Eiffel Tower build supporters for the statue as it was under construction. Bartholdi died in 1904; he was only seventy years of age.
The Eiffel Tower has become associated with Paris; a symbol. It is an icon for France, travel and romance, among others. What made this Tower vastly popular is the cause of copious reasons. The most prominent reason is that it was a major point of controversy between Gustave Eiffel and the artists of Paris. Parisians opposed the construction of this atrocity. In a manifesto signed in 1887, two years before the Tower was built, artists of Paris claimed that the beauty of Paris will be debased by the repulsiveness of the edifice. They stated that artists from around the world would have the right to openly mock Paris. They opposed it remarkably so, that, quoting from the signed proposal, they insisted for twenty years “we will see stretching out over the entire city, still quivering with genius from so many centuries, we will see stretching out like a growing ink spot, the hateful shadow of the hateful column of bolted iron”. Gustave Eiffel responds eloquently with the promise that the building is stable and that there is a certain attraction to structures as immense as the Eiffel Tower. He compares his design to the pyramids in Egypt. His comparison is that if the pyra...
Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier are two very prominent names in the field of architecture. Both architects had different ideas concerning the relationship between humans and the environment. Their architectural styles were a reflection of how each could facilitate the person and the physical environment. Frank Lloyd Wright’s Robie House, is considered one of the most important buildings in the history of American architecture and Le Corbusier s Villa Savoye helped define the progression that modern architecture was to take in the 20th Century. Both men are very fascinating and have strongly influenced my personal taste for modern architecture. Although Wright and Corbusier each had different views on how to design a house, they also had similar beliefs. This paper is a comparison of Frank Lloyd Wright‘s and Le Corbusier ‘s viewpoints exhibited through their two prominent houses, Frank Lloyd Wright’s Robie House and Le Corbusier’s Villa Savoye.