The Diaphragm muscle form and its function
Summary;
This essay is established or focused on the main respiratory muscle and its function. The diaphragm muscle is a skeletal muscle, which is a large flat, or the dome-shaped sheet of muscle of the body. It separates the lungs from the stomach area, or the thoracic and abdominal cavities from one another, that is used for breathing. Also, the main function occurs during breathing. It reduces intrathoracic pressure and contracts to enlarge the thoracic cavities. This process occur under involuntary control. Because the brain just works without thinking about it, but able to learn to manage its movements. Sometime it called thoracic diaphragm that is a combination of tendon and muscle, which allows
However, it separates the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities from one another, and a major muscle used in breathing. It also contraction expands the thoracic cavity and the compresses abdominopelvic cavity. The diaphragm superior origin continues from the xiphoid process, cartilages of ribs, four to ten and anterior to the surface of lower six costal cartilages of the thoracic, and posteriorly the first to third surface of lumbar vertebrae. Although, it innervated by phrenic nerve that separates from the fiber of the cervical third to cervical fifth. The diaphragm muscle has several opening between thoracic and abdominal cavities. There are three major openings and five minor openings. The major openings are aortic hiatus, esophageal hiatus, and vena cava foramen. These three major opening have different structures. The first aortic hiatus allows the aorta, azygos vein and thoracic duct. The second major opening or esophageal hiatus contains esophagus, esophageal arteries as in the ventral and dorsal vagal trunks. The third and final major opening is vena cava foramen, which contains lower vena cava and some other parts of the right phrenic nerve. Although, diaphragm has five minor opening. Those are the smaller aperture of the right crus and left crus. The right crus contains the bigger and smaller right splanchnic nerves, and the smaller aperture of the left crus contains the bigger and smaller left splanchnic nerves, and hemizygous vein. According a video, the right crus is larger and longer than the left crus. Also, sympathetic trunk moves back of the diaphragm below the medial limbo costal arches. Moreover, the foramen of Morgagni that place in the areolar tissue between the sternal end costal branches of the diaphragm allows the upper epigastric part of the internal thoracic artery, and lymphatic of the stomach layer, which place on the convex area of the liver and the central and distal elbow
The contraction of the inspiratory muscles increases the volume of the thoracic cavity causing the pressure within the alveoli to decrease and air to flow into the alveoli. During resting inspiration, the diaphragm, the external intercostals and the parasternal intercostals contract to stimulate inspiration. During forced inspiration the scalene and the sternocleidomastoid muscles contract to further expand the thoracic cavity. The pectoralis minor muscles also play a minor role in forced inspiration. During quiet breathing, relaxation of these muscles causes the volume of the thoracic cavity to decrease, resulting in expiration. During a forced expiration, the compression of the chest cavity is increased by contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and various abdominal
In this figure, SN = sinus node; AVN = AV node; RA = right atrium; LA
Healthy lung tissue is predominately soft, elastic connective tissue, designed to slide easily over the thorax with each breath. The lungs are covered with visceral pleura which glide fluidly over the parietal pleura of the thoracic cavity thanks to the serous secretion of pleural fluid (Marieb, 2006, p. 430). During inhalation, the lungs expand with air, similar to filling a balloon. The pliable latex of the balloon allows it to expand, just as the pliability of lungs and their components allows for expansion. During exhalation, the volume of air decrease causing a deflation, similar to letting air out of the balloon. However, unlike a balloon, the paired lungs are not filled with empty spaces; the bronchi enter the lungs and subdivide progressively smaller into bronchioles, a network of conducting passageways leading to the alveoli (Marieb, 2006, p. 433). Alveoli are small air sacs in the respiratory zone. The respiratory zone also consists of bronchioles and alveolar ducts, and is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (Marieb, 2006, p. 433).
Cardiac muscle is a type of involuntary muscle found only in the walls of the heart, specifically the myocardium. Cardiac muscles contract automatically to tighten the walls of the heart in a rhythmic fashion. The heart beats nonstop about 100,000 times each day. Smooth muscle is a type of involuntary muscle found within the walls of blood vessels such as in small arteries and veins. Smooth muscle is also found in the urinary bladder, uterus, male and female reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract, and the respiratory tract. Skeletal muscles are voluntarily controlled and are attached to bones by tendons. Skeletal muscles also vary considerably in size and shape. They range from extremely tiny strands such as in the muscle of the middle ear as large like in the muscles of the thigh. The three individual muscle types also serve five main functions. The five basic functions are movement, organ protection, pumping blood, aiding digestion, and ensuring blood flow.
Here is where serous fluid is secreted by the pleural membranes lubricating the inside of the pleural cavity therefore stopping possible irritation to the lungs during respiration. The lung is shaped like a cone-shaped, the superior end of the lung that forms the point and the inferior end at the base. The apex is found at the superior end of the lungs. And the inferior end known as the base rests on the diaphragm. The base of the lungs is concave which follows the contour of the diaphragm.
The skeleton of the respiratory system is important for keeping the organs and structures safe. The skeleton is the spinal column, pelvic girdle, the rib cage, the clavicles, the scapulae, and the skull. The skeleton of the respiratory system and the soft tissues allow the muscles of the respiratory system to move gasses in and out of the lungs and respiratory passages. Bringing air and gas into the system is called inspiration while forcing out gas and air is expiration. One of the primary muscles of inspiration is the diaphragm. It is located right under the lungs and when it contracts, it flattens part of the thorax which flattens the abdomen and makes the lungs larger. That is why it is called diaphragmatic or abdominal movement. Changing the dimensions of the thoracic cavity with several other muscles by acting on the ribs is called costal movement. “Pump Handle Movement” shifts the thorax up and forward by movement of ribs one through six. The other is called “Bucket Handle Movement” which shifts up and laterally by movement of ribs seven through ten. Intercostal muscles allow the ribs to move in that way. Primary muscles are used for normal
Thibodeau, G., & Patton, K. (1993). Chapter ten: Anatomy of the muscular system. In Anatomy and physiology (1st ed., p. 252). St Louis: MO: Mosby.
The larynx provides a passageway for air between the pharynx and the trachea. The trachea is made up of mainly cartilage which helps to keep the trachea permanently open. The trachea passes down into the thorax and connects the larynx with the bronchi, which passes to the lungs. 3. Describe the mechanisms of external respiration including the interchange of gases within the lungs.
Mink Intro – External Anatomy Overview. (n.d.). mreroh.com . Retrieved May 27, 2014, from http://www.mreroh.com/student/apdocs/Dissection/Intro%20-%20External%20Anatomy.pdf
•While exercising your lungs tries to increase the intake of oxygen as well as release the carbon dioxide.
When you breathe in, air containing carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) it moves down your trachea; a tunnel containing cartilage and smooth tissue. Air then travels through two hollow tubes called bronchi; narrow branches lined with smooth muscle, mucosal and ringed cartilage to support the structure. The bronchi divide out into smaller tunnels called bronchioles; are small branches 0.5-1mm, lined with muscular walls to help dilate and constrict the airway. At the end of the bronchioles are little air sacs called alveoli; which assist in gas exchange of O2 and CO2. (Eldridge, 2016) Towards the end of alveoli are small blood vessel capillaries. O2 is moved through the blood stream through theses small blood vessels (capillaries) at the end of the alveoli and the CO2 is then exhaled. (RolandMedically,
Person, A. & Mintz, M., (2006), Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory Tract, Disorders of the Respiratory Tract, pp. 11-17, New Jersey: Human Press Inc.
Rectus, and External and Internal Obliques flex the spine. Transversus aids in respiration and helps to compress the abdominal cavity to help support the spine in neutral. 4. How does the breath relate to flexion and extension of the spine?
The ANS is positioned just below the medulla oblongata in the lower brainstem. The medulla is responsible for many major functions, such as respiration, cardiac regulation, vasomotor activity, and reflex actions; which include coughing, sneezing, vomiting, and swallowing. The input is received by the hypothalamus, which is located right above the
Breath is a vital element of movement and survival. Breath is what initiates movement and supports our movement. Breath is a connecting factor which connects our body to the movement. If we don’t initiate our movements with breath there will be no fluidity or connectivity and injuries can occur (Longstaff 2007). For optimal body movement one needs to breathe optimally. To be able to breath optimally one needs to breathe three dimensionally. Three dimensional breathing is when inhaling the rib cage expands and the diaphragm moves downwards as an automatic control and exhaling the diaphragm passively moves back into position which pushes the air out a...