One of the main sources of global sugar production and one third of the world sugar production is based on sugar beet. After the extraction of sucrose, about 50 kg sugar beet pulp (on a dry weight basis) per tonne sugar beet processed is left as a by-product [77]. SBP is composed mainly of cellulose (20–30%), pectin (26–40%), pentozan (24%), protein (5%), and lignin (10%) [78]. The major components of SBP is the pectic substances which are complex heteropoly saccharides containing galacturonic acid, arabinose, galactose and rhamnose as the major sugar constituents [79]. Chemically, pectins appear as poly uronides, i.e. straight chains of a few hundred molecules of a-D-galacturonic acid linked by 1–4-glycosidic bounds. Pectins are not pure polyuronides, however; the polysaccharide also contains 1–2 linked a-L- rhamnose molecules (1–4%). Rhamnose residues are covalently bound to L- arabinose and o-galactose molecules (10–15%). In most pectin, some of the galacturonic acids are methyl esterified [80, 81]. Pectic substances contain poly galacturonic acids that carry carboxyl functions and they are known to strongly bind metal cations in aqueous solution and consequently exhibit good capacities to retain metal ions. Because this residue is very sheep …show more content…
Batch study was conducted in order to determine the optimal initial pH and it was selected to be 4. It was found that the Langmuir isotherm model presented satisfactory fit with the experimental data. The maximum adsorption capacity onto SSBP-PA after 6 hour at 25oC could reach 204 and 192 mg/g for RB21 and RB5, respectively. The adsorption process of RB21 and RB5 onto SSBP-PA were
As shown in Fig. 5, the final pH of the NaClO-NH3 solution after simultaneous removal are 5.4, 6.9, 7.2, 7.5, 8.5, 9.6, 10.7, 11.5 and 12.8 with respect to the initial pH of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13, from which, an interesting law can be concluded as that if the initial pH is an acidic, the final pH is slightly increased; but if the initial pH is an alkaline, the final pH is declined. NaClO-NH3 is macromolecule compounds with a large inter surface area. It contains abundant functional groups such as hydroxyl (OH), carboxyl (COO), quinone, amino (–NH2), etc, which determines that NaClO-NH3 is a salt of strong base and weak acid, as well the ionization equilibrium and hydrolytic equilibrium would be complicated. When the pH of the NaClO-NH3 solution was acidic, the functional groups such as OH, COO and NH2- would react with H+ to generate the NH3 sediment, resulting in a decrease of inter surface area owing to the block and a great loss of NaClO-NH3, then the NOx removal as well as the duration time was decreased. As for the increase of the final pH in the acidic conditions, this was a result of the consumption of H+ by NaClO. The decrease of the
The beet Lab experiment was tested to examine bio-membranes and the amount of betacyanin extracted from the beets. The betacyanin is a reddish color because it transmits wavelengths in red color and absorbs most other colors. The membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. The phospholipid bilayer forms a barrier that is impermeable to many substances like large hydrophilic molecules. The cells of beets are red and have large vacuoles that play a big role for the reddish pigment. This experiment aimed to answer the question, “How do cell membranes work?” The hypothesis we aim to test is: Cell membranes work as a fluid mosaic bilayer of phospholipids with many embedded proteins. We predicted that the 50% Acetone will break down the most betacyanin. Our hypothesis was proven wrong by our data collected. We could test our predictions by doing the experiment multiple times and compare the
Blue wavelength was used to measure absorbance; using initial data and Beer’s law, calculated molar extinction coefficient was 10953 L∙mol^(-1)∙cm^(-1). Variations of concentration over time were graphed to figure out dissociation of ferroin being first-order reaction and sulfuric acid being zero-order. Thus, under the rate law, the solution’s rate was found to be k〖[Ferroin]〗^1 〖[Sulfuric acid]〗^0, where rate constant k = 9.12x〖10〗^(-4) s^(-1). Half-life was 759.87 sec and Ea (activation energy) was 56.82 KJ.
The sugar beet currently grown is far removed from the garden plant. Later the root became a popular vegetable, especially the red type of beet known as beetroot. In the second half of the eighteenth century the chemist Marggraf demonstrated that the sweet tasting crystals obtained from juice of beets and sugar cane were similar, this was the first step in developing beets into an industrial crop for extraction of sugar. Before that time nobody paid much attention to what gave the roots their sweetness. Beets with higher levels of sucrose were selected from a white fodder beet variety. The White Silesian variety is still considered to be the primary source of sugar beet germplasm grown today (Fischer 1989).
From 1773 to 1775 the Americans felt the weight put to them by the supreme approaches. The mix of the brutal duties and the absence of an American voice in Parliament offered ascend to types of protection which drove thirteen settlements in North America to consolidated to break free from the English Domain, joining to wind up noticeably the Assembled Conditions of America. Before the finish of the Seven Years War there was nearly nothing, assuming any, motivation to trust that one day the American settlements would embrace an unrest with an end goal to make a free country state. As a piece of the realm the provinces were shielded from outside intrusion by the English military. Consequently, the pilgrims paid moderately few assessments and
Cellulases are o- glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) that hydrolyse β-1,4 glucosidic bonds in cellulose. Cellulase system is grouped into “glycoside hydrolases (GH) family” classified by different means, according to their substrate specifities, reaction, mechanisms or structural similarities. The cellulase complex is found to contain three basic components which may be present either as single polypeptide or can be grouped together into multienzyme complex known as cellulosome. Cellulase system is composed of three main classes based on their activity toward a wide range of substrates. This is rather difficult, since the enzymes have overlapping specificities toward substrates which themselves are poorly defined. The three main classes are:
Michael P. Broadribb, C. (2006). Institution of Chemical Engineers . Retrieved July 26, 2010, from IChemE: http://cms.icheme.org/mainwebsite/resources/document/lpb192pg003.pdf
Stephenson, R., & Blackburn, J. J. (1998). The Industrial Wastewater Systems Handbook. New York: Lewis Publishers.
Investigation of the Concentration and the Effect of Sucrose on Osmosis in Apple and Potato Tissues
PG, PL, and PAL are depolymerizing enzymes, which split the (1, 4)-glycosidic bonds between galacturonic monomers in Pectic substances either by hydrolysis (PG) or by β-elimination (PL, PAL). PG catalyzes the hydrolytic cleavage of the polygalacturonic acid chain while PL performs a Trans eliminative split of pectin molecule, producing an unsaturated product. PE catalyzes the desertification of the methoxyl group of pectin, forming Pectic acid.
By taking a Carbon Dioxide, rich substance and mixing it with a yeast, solution fermentation will occur, and then it could be determined if it is a good energy-producer. In this study glacatose, sucrose, glycine, glucose, and water were used to indicate how fast fermentation occurred. The overall result shows that monosaccharides in particular galactose and glucose were the best energy source for a cell.
Živković, Snežana; Takić, Ljiljana; Živković, Nenad UNAPREĐENJE EKOLOŠKIH PERFORMANSI PRIMENOM STANDARDA ISO 14001 - STUDIJA SLUČAJ.. Chemical Industry & Chemical Engineering Quarterly. 2013, Vol. 19 Issue 4, p541-552. 12p. DOI: 10.2298/CICEQ120513088Z. ,
Keener, K., Hoban, T. and Balasubramanian, R. 2014. Biotechnology and its applications. [online] Available at: http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/foodsci/ext/pubs/bioapp.html [Accessed: 11 Apr 2014].
Chemistry: Acid-Base Titration. Purpose: The objective of this experiment were: a) to review the concept of simple acid-base reactions; b) to review the stoichiometric calculations involved in chemical reactions; c) to review the basic lab procedure of titration and introduce the student to the concept of a primary standard and the process of standardization; d) to review the calculations involving chemical solutions; e) to help the student improve his/her lab technique Theory: Titration was used to study acid-base neutralization reaction quantitatively. In acid-base titration experiment, a solution of accurately KHP concentration was added gradually to another solution of NaOH concentration until the chemical reaction between the two solutions was completed. The equivalence point was the point at which the acid was completely reacted with or neutralized by the base.
The primary use for sugarcane is to process sugar, which can then be used in an infinite number of products. The type of sugar produced by sugarcane is called sucrose. This is the most important of all the sugars. Sucrose is used as a sweetening agent for foods and in the manufacture of cakes, candies, preservatives, soft drinks, alcohol, and numerous other foods. Although the use of sugar in the human diet is controversial, sucrose supplies about 13 percent of all energy that is derived from foods (Escalona, 1952).