The law of one price (LOP) is the basic fundamental concept of PPP. The law of one price stated that the identical product should sell for the same price which says that in the absence of trade barriers and transactions costs across the countries once converted the prices to a common currency. There are differences between LOP and PPP, LOP applies to individual product whereas PPP applies to the general price level. Today, various economists’ debate over PPP does not hold in the short run, it only holds in the long run. While only few economists believe PPP holds continuously in the real world.
According to the four-way equivalence model, both interest rates and inflation rates are theoretically associated with expected changes in spot rates. Your task is to review the empirical evidence relating to this assertion and determine whether these theoretical relationships have any basis in fact. The “Four Way Equivalence Model” is a relationship between interest rates and inflation rates keeping in view the foreign exchange rates and also the changes that are expected to take place in spot rates. It gives the idea that how these things are interconnected and how increase in one factor would affect the other one and vice versa. Machiraju (2002,75) explains the basis of this concept in these words, “In competitive markets with a large number of buyers and sellers and low cost access to information, exchange adjusted prices of tradable goods and financial assets must be equal worldwide.
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This study will also present the pros and cons of different prices of goods and services in different countries. Specifically, this paper: (1) defines recent trade problems and how they are affected by the exchange rate; (2) describes the steps taken within the agencies that determine the exchange rates; (3) examines the impact of these rates, both good and bad; (4) analyzes the costs of similar goods in the U.S. and in foreign markets; (5) discusses the pros and cons of the exchange rate and how it affects trade; (6) examines various exchange rate systems: floating, fixed, and dirty floating. Limitations of the Study The topics of exchange rate and trade both have a variety of factors that cause changes. As with any study that attempts to explore current developments in the economy, it is hard to keep information current. It is also virtually impossible to report on the status of every single government that is involved in the exchange market.
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This and other changes such as cross member ship agreements and new parallel links between exchanges, have, and still are creating and manipulating the international markets. The essay will then explain why these changes have occurred, looking in depth at technology advances, technology and scale of economies, technology and competition, cross border investment, globalisation and new role taken by finical intermediaries, providing specific examples of these changes seen with current examples. The essay will conclude with a brief summary of what the larger markets are doing to combat this changes. There have been two major structural changes in markets over the past decades. The first of which is the mergers between equity and derivative exchanges within countries and secondly the new types of links, created by technological advances between exchanges.