FIXED OR FLOATING EXCHANGE RATE BY SOLIUDEEN BABATUNDE ADEKUNLE 135665 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MGMT 550 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sule Lokmanoğlu Aker INTRODUCTION What is exchange rate? Exchange rate is the ratio at which a unit of one country currency can be exchange for another country currency. What is fixed exchange rate? Fixed exchange rate which is at times known as pegged exchange rate is an exchange rate regime where a country’s currency value is fixed against the value of another currency or to another measure of value such as gold. What is floating exchange rate? Floating exchange rate which is also known as fluctuating exchange rate or flexible exchange rate is an exchange rate regime where its currency is determined by foreign exchange market forces such as demand and supply of that currency relative to other currencies. There have been deliberations about the ideal exchange rate system for a period of time, dazzling the advancement of the world economy and the manner of monetary policy. Nations have long been trying series of exchange rate systems and …show more content…
• The central bank does not claim the profit from issuing coin rather the profit goes to the United States Federal Reserve. • The central bank is deprived of the power to fulfil the duty as lender of last resort. Most countries that do adopt the full dollarization system are mostly developing countries. Managed floating rate: This is an exchange rate system where the currency exchange rate system is allowed to be determined by the forces of demand and supply. Here, the central bank and the government do intervene to cub extreme exchange rate fluctuation by adopting monetary or fiscal policy. LITERATURE REVIEW Daniel M. Chin., Preston J. Miller. (1998). Fixed vs. floating exchange rate: A dynamic general equilibrium analysis. European Economic Review 42 (1998),
Monetary Policy is another policy used in Keynesianism which is a list of protocols designed to regulate the economy by setting the amount of money that is in circulation and controlled interest levels. The Federal Reserve system, also known as the central banking system in the U.S., which holds control of this policy. Monetary policy has three tools used by the Federal Reserve to enforce this policy. Reserve Requirement is the first tool that determines the lowest amount of money a bank must possess and is not able to lend out. The second way to enforce monetary policy is by using the discount rate or the interest rate a bank will charge.
So when the dollar is depreciating, the exchange rate becomes smaller. Exchange rate (foreign exchange rate, forex rate or FX rate) is the number of units of a given currency that can be purchased for one unit of another currency. The United States capital markets are becoming more attractive to foreign investors. Since the dollar is falling, it makes foreigner’s investment in the United States more affordable. Therefore, foreigners take this opportunity to invest in the United States.
Monetary policy consists of the actions of a central bank, currency board or other regulatory committee to control the size and rate of growth of the money supply, which in turn affects interest rates. Monetary policy is maintained through actions such as modifying the interest rate, buying or selling government bonds, and changing the amount of money banks are required to keep in the vault.
The fluctuation or well known as the exchange market is the rate at which one currency will be exchange for another. It also regarded as the value of one country’s currency in the terms of another currency. The fluctuation was determined in the foreign exchange market (Wikipedia, 2014). The fluctuation rate is not permanent sometime in one day the fluctuation rate can change from high to low and from low to high.
In the study of macroeconomics there are several sub factors that affect the economy either favorably or adversely. One dynamic of macroeconomics is monetary policy. Monetary policy consists of deliberate changes in the money supply to influence interest rates and thus the level of spending in the economy. “The goal of a monetary policy is to achieve and maintain price level stability, full employment and economic growth.” (McConnell & Brue, 2004).
This is a monetary policy which involves the government’s intervention to curb disorderly trends in the foreign currencies level. In case the quantity of a local currency goes down, the central bank uses the foreign currencies to buy its currency from the foreign economies. This ensures that the economy has ample home currency and thus enough money in circulation.
The end of the World War II marked the beginning of a new era for the world economy. The Bretton Woods System refers to an agreement made at an international conference between 44 nations in 1944 at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States of America (hereby U.S.) on the 22nd of July 1944. It was aimed at maintaining stability in the monetary system in the post World War II period. “In an effort to free international trade and fund postwar reconstruction the member states agreed to fix their exchange rates by tying their currencies to the U.S. dollar.” The fundamental of this system was liberalizing trade policy and promoting free trade. The U.S. dollar was linked to gold as a show of its dependability in the eyes of the rest of the world, $35 equaled 1 ounce of gold. They followed an adjustable fixed exchange rate (1% band). It set up the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), which is a part of the World Bank today. Member nations monetary contributions to the setting up of these institutes determined their number of votes as well as their economic prowess
...wever under fix exchange the government needs to maintain the exchange rate and in order
One of the most problematic issue in economy is refers to ’’ İmpossible Trinity’ ’,which means that only two out of three choices can be applicable. This options are called : a fixed exchange rate, free capital mobility and an independent monetary policy as we show above figure . That is; It is less likely to possible to have 3 options at the same time. A country can apply a fixed exchange rate which enables capital flows automatically because of running open economy and so a country cannot maintain an independent monetary policy.
Thailand implements a controlled floating exchange rate system, pricing to market forces on the Thai baht, and the Thai central bank would only intervene in the market when necessary, in order to avoid excessive exchange rate volatility to the expected impact of economic policies. At present, the global economic slowdown, domestic demand is not good in Thailand. In order to keep the country's export competitiveness, the Bank of Thailand is more inclined to let the baht weaken.
Foreign exchange risk is the potential loss due to change in the value of the assets or liabilities of the bank resulting from the fluctuations in exchange rate. Banks transact for their customers or for the banks’ own accounts. Any adverse movement can degrade the value of the foreign currency and causes bank’s loss.
Meese, R, & Rogoff, K 1983, 'Empirical Exchange Rate Models of the Seventies: Do They Fit Out of Sample?', Journal Of International Economics, Vol. 14, no. 1-2, pp. 3-24.
To what extent will crypto-currencies affect the worlds economy? Introduction Firstly, an insight into crypto-currencies, what they are and how they can benefit the worlds economy. A crypto-currency is ‘digital medium of exchange’(RhettandLink) - managed through extensive encryption techniques known as cryptography. Comparable with fiat money, no group or individual can stunt, increase or abuse the production of crypto-currencies.
The foreign exchange markets allow the conversion of currencies, where it helps the firms to conduct trade more efficiently across the national boundaries. In addition, firms can shop for low cost financing in capital markets all over the world and then use the foreign exchange market to convert the foreign currency that they got into whatever currency they require. With the foreign exchange nowadays, anyone can go to other country by converting their domestic currency into the foreign currency. The foreign exchange will follow the rate of exchange according to the country's rate. But still, the foreign exchange market is actually dealing with fluctuation where sometimes it has upward and downward movement.
The first of these exchange rates, nominal, is the number of units of a given currency that can purchase a unit of a given foreign currency (INSERT CITATION). When using this rate, countries are able to value of their own currency relative to one-another when trading in the foreign exchange market. This principle, however, is not exclusive to trading currencies. Similar to the nominal exchange rate, the real exchange rate uses goods and services in place of currency. As a result, it is defined as the amount of goods or services that can be traded in one country for a good or service in another country. Using this rate, countries are able to gauge the competitiveness of their goods and services in trading with any given country, making it a key factor for countries trading in the global economy.