The Appearance of Highly Reflective Fault Mirrors in Carbonate Rocks

In extensional boundaries, earthquakes are also shallow, but they occur only along the alignment of spreading and are smaller than 8 in magnitude. At compressional boundaries, earthquakes can be found at or near surface and at several hundred kilometers in depth. Because of the difference in temperature, the subducting plate is colder than the plate in which it is being subducted under, the rock begins to warm up and it tends to become brittle enough to break suddenly and cause earthquakes. Here, in the subduction zone, the deepest earthquakes occur to a depth of about 700 km. Continental transform plate boundaries appear today in the circum-Pacific region (California, southern Alaska, New Zealand, and in the Alpine fold belt, e.g.

They are layered accumulations of sediments-fragments of rocks, minerals, or animal or plant material. Temperatures and pressures are low at the Earth's surface, and sedimentary rocks show this fact by their appearance and the minerals they contain. Most sedimentary rocks become cemented together by minerals and chemicals or are held together by electrical attraction; some, however, remain loose and unconsolidated. The layers are normally parallel or nearly parallel to the Earth's surface; if they are at high angles to the surface or are twisted or broken, some kind of Earth movement has occurred since the rock was formed. Sedimentary rocks are forming around us all the time.

A rupture then takes place, and the strained rock rebounds under its own elastic stresses, until the strain is largely or wholly relieved’. The point where the earthquake is originated is called focus or hypocenter and on the earth surface directly above the focus, the point is called epicenter. Earthquakes are divided in to the following types according to their depths 1) Shallow focus (focus depth < 70 km) 2) Intermediate focus (depth 70-300 km) 3) Deep focus (depth > 300km) Wave’s passes through earth and produce motion to the ground during an earthquake. There a... ... middle of paper ... ...akes. 7.4 Results: The moment magnitude of KME was the smallest from the all the four earthquakes but the range of groundwater level change is highest from all the four earthquakes from -0.2m to 0.67m among the 54 wells.

Clastic sedimentary rocks vary in size of particles from fine particles to courser particles, for instance from siltstone, sand stone to conglomerates which is formed by the compaction of large pebbles. Non- clastic sedimentary rocks , this the type of sedimentary rocks formed of newly created mineral matt... ... middle of paper ... ...trary to non-clastic sedimentary rocks which are less denser for instance dolomite and anhydrite. Non-clastic sedimentary rocks especially organically formed sedimentary rocks are responsible for forming crude oil and gas after millions of years where as Clastic sedimentary rocks form inorganic substances such as rocks including silt stone , sand stone , clay stone and conglomerate. However the two types of sedimentary rocks are all important to the nature. for instance clastic rocks provide building material like sand , Organically sedimentary formed rocks provided fuel such as coal, petroleum and natural gas .Also chemically formed sedimentary rocks provide rocks salt after precipitation .

Most earthquakes that arise are along the tectonic plate boundaries. Another place where earthquakes can develop is on faults. Faults are cracks in the earth where a section of a plate (or plates) are moving in different directions. There are three different types of faults; normal, reverse and strike slip-faults. In normal faults, a block of rock is moving downward and away from another rock block.

The modified rocks generally have a mineral composition akin to their surrounding rocks. However, the altered rocks still exhibit changes in texture and structure. 2. Two examples of nonfoliated rocks are quartzite and marble. Foliation occurs when a rock is composed of several minerals with various melting points.

Barium-Aluminate cements with grain size in nanometer range were obtained from high-energy ball milled raw mixtures. Formation of crystalline BaAl2O4 phase was observed between 1000-1100°C in the raw mixtures, which were obtained in amorphous state after milling for 5h. This temperature is at least 300°C lower than that used in the traditional solid-state method. Fume SiO2 additions resulted in BaAl2Si2O8 (celsian) formation which acted as a retarder providing more workability and mechanical strength. 1.

Seismic Resolution The definition of the term thin bed involves the concept of the resolving power (Widess, 1973) thus seismics is impacted by resolution. Most geological structures have a smaller vertical dimension than a horizontal one (Chang et al, 1996), thus, the ratio of the vertical dimensions plays a very important role in seismic resolution. As the dimension ratio decreases, the difficulty in identifying geological events increases and become more challenging (Chang et al, 1916). Sheriff, (1991) defines Seismic resolution as the ability to separate two features that are very close together; the minimum separation of the bodies before their identifies are lost. It is seen as the minimum distance between two events that can be seen

A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other. This movement may occur rapidly, in the form of an earthquake - or may occur slowly, in the form of creep. Faults may range in length from a few millimeters to thousands of kilometers. Most faults produce repeated displacements over geologic time.

Earthquakes are vibrations produced in the earth's outer layer, or crust, when forces pushing on a mass of rock overcome the friction holding the rock in place and blocks of rock slip against each other. The vibrations can range from barely noticeable to verry destructive. There are six types of shock waves. Two are classified as body waves which means they travel through the earth's interior and the other four are surface waves. The waves are changed by the rock types or formations they hit.