1 .Introduction
The purpose of this report is to study the current state of supercomputers and to briefly discuss predicted advancements in the field..A brief history about the supercomputer and its operation is initially outlined.
Supercomputers are the supreme machines in the computer world. Supercomputers includes thousands of times the computing power of a desktop and cost several millions of dollars. They fill large halls, which are chilled to prevent their thousands of microprocessor cores from overheating. And they perform billions, or even thousands of billions, of calculations per second.
All of that power means supercomputers are better for tackling any big scientific problems, from uncovering the origins of the alien planets to delving into the patterns of protein folding that make life possible.
So in this report the reader can get a good knowledge about supercomputer.
2. What is a Supercomputer?
A supercomputer is a very powerful digital computational machine capable of processing trillions of commands per second. It is actually at the leading edge of current processing capacity, especially its unbelievable speed of calculation. They are extremely useful for doing analysis of overtly complicated problem sets related to industry as well as government. So they are usually owned by countries or corporation and never for personal use.
A supercomputer can be defined as a powerful mainframe computer .The chief difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe computer is that a supercomputer channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast as possible, where as a mainframe computers uses its power to execute many programs concurrently..
Super computers are characterized by very high computational speeds an...
... middle of paper ...
...all the multi-threading math libraries and compilers to build your parallel computing programs.
8. Network the compute nodes all together. The head node sends the tasks to the other compute nodes .Use a private internal network to connect all the nodes in the cluster.
The head node work as a NFS, PXE, DHCP, TFTP, and NTP server over the Ethernet network.
We must separate this network from other public networks, which ensures that broadcast packets don't interfere with other networks in your local area network.
9. Test the cluster. The final thing we may want to do before releasing all this mashine power to your users is test it's performance. The HPL (High Performance Lynpack) is a famous choice for measuring the computational speed of the cluster computer. we need to compile it from source with all optimizations our compiler offers for the architecture we chose.
Master server manages the namespace file system and controls the access to files by clients.HDFS has a file system namespace and user can store data in to the files. Internally, a file is divided in to a number of blocks stored in DataNodes. The Namespace operations like open, close, and rename of files and directories are executed by Namespace. Which also determines blocks mapping to DataNode.Read and write requests from the file system’s clients are the responsibility of DataNodes. The DataNodes also doing creation, deletion, a...
People have been in awe of computers since they were first invented. At first scientist said that computers would only be for government usage only. “Then when the scientists saw the potential computers had, scientist then predicted that by 1990 computers may one day invade the home of just about ever citizen in the world” (“History” Internet), the scientists were slightly wrong, because by 1990 computers were just beginning to catch on. Then a few years later when scientists when to major corporations to get help with a special project, the corporations said no, because computers would just be a fad and they wouldn’t make much money off of it. “By definition Abacus is the first computer (the proper definition of a computer is one who or that which computes) ever invented” (Internet).
In 500 B.C. the abacus was first used by the Babylonians as an aid to simple arithmetic. In 1623 Wihelm Schickard (1592 - 1635) invented a "Calculating Clock". This mechanical machine could add and subtract up to 6 digit numbers, and warned of an overflow by ringing a bell. J. H. Mueller comes up with the idea of the "difference engine", in 1786. This calculator could tabulate values of a polynomial. Muellers attempt to raise funds fails and the project was forgotten. Scheutz and his son Edward produced a 3rd order difference engine with a printer in 1843 and their government agreed to fund their next project.
The computing industry as a whole becomes more prosperous, exciting and attractive as an employment prospect each day. It spans a wide range of modern applications, as does my interest in the subject. I see computing science as a gateway into new realms of computing, where the highly challenging and demanding work may reap rewards of an equivalent level.
The most common type of computer is the personal computer, which is otherwise known as P.C., or the desktop computer. Computers contain countless electronic parts. These parts all contribute to processing, sorting, and receiving data. Usually, computers are linked to thousands of other computers and handheld devices via the World Wide Web or also known as the internet. It is estimated that about half of the jobs today use computers. Computers have changed the way we communicate and learn forever. You can communicate to other people using phones, laptops, tablets and PCs. You can do all of this through the internet or also known as the World Wide Web. Before modern communication we didn't know about things happening on the other side of the world for weeks or even months. But today we know what is happening all over the world in an
Superpositioning opens the way for several fascinating and potentially problematic uses for quantum computers. Factoring numbers of several hundred digits, a tactic needed to crack some encryption schemes currently in use, would take billions of years on the fastest supercomputers. Theoretically, this might take a year on quantum computers.
"Technology is like fish. The longer it stays on the shelf, the less desirable it becomes." (1) Since the dawn of computers, there has always been a want for a faster, better technology. These needs can be provided for quickly, but become obsolete even quicker. In 1981, the first "true portable computer", the Osborne 1 was introduced by the Osborne Computer Corporation. (2) This computer revolutionized the way that computers were used and introduced a brand new working opportunity.
In the past few decades, one field of engineering in particular has stood out in terms of development and commercialisation; and that is electronics and computation. In 1965, when Moore’s Law was first established (Gordon E. Moore, 1965: "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits"), it was stated that the number of transistors (an electronic component according to which the processing and memory capabilities of a microchip is measured) would double every 2 years. This prediction held true even when man ushered in the new millennium. We have gone from computers that could perform one calculation in one second to a super-computer (the one at Oak Ridge National Lab) that can perform 1 quadrillion (1015) mathematical calculations per second. Thus, it is only obvious that this field would also have s...
With a non-virtualized datacenter, each individual system is managed via console or a direct management system. Each of these will require monitors or sensors to track hardware, temperature, intrusion, and other things. Each of these systems would also need stable power and dedicated networking. All of these components need to have sufficient tools and staff to provide adequate monitoring and avoid massive failure. The major vendors of virtualization systems generally include these features by way of management appliances or applications that tie everything together. In the virtualized datacenter, a single management host, give the administrator access to all the virtual systems, networks, and storage on that host and could even include host on other connected clusters. With these tools, a single employee can monitor full virtual datacenters around the world and obtain up to date status and performance information. With the latest version of VMware’s management tools you can even manipulate onsite systems along with transition them to cloud based resources all from a single pane [7]. With configurable alerts, reporting, automatic load-balancing and other disaster recovery technologies built in, a single well trained employee can oversee hundreds of systems without being overwhelmed.
The First Generation of Computers The first generation of computers, beginning around the end of World War 2, and continuing until around the year 1957, included computers that used vacuum tubes, drum memories, and programming in machine code. Computers at that time where mammoth machines that did not have the power our present day desktop microcomputers. In 1950, the first real-time, interactive computer was completed by a design team at MIT. The "Whirlwind Computer," as it was called, was a revamped U.S. Navy project for developing an aircraft simulator.
Scientists Catherine C. McGeoch and Cong Wong have been working on the quantum computer. The quantum computer works by not being limited by ones and zeros and can actually read 1.1 as a valid number. Being able to read .1 higher doesn 't seems like a big deal but when these quantum computers are put up against gaming computers the quantum has a faster processor ("Harnessing Energy Sensory Processing"). These studies have been theorized about for years but we just now have the technology to be able to get this revolutionary idea into reality. The theory behind this is that with any extra amount being able to read in the processes that increases the potential of a processor exponentially. At the moment quantum computers cost about 6,000 times more to make than a normal gaming PC. Your average gaming computer goes for about 1,000 dollars and up granted 1000 is low end for gaming computers and it does not leave much room for a really good Intel brand processor. Not only would the idea of quantum computers not have existed without the creativity that comes from technology, but we also would have left standard processors at dual and quad core set ups. Now days any server for a company has at least 8 cores or a 16 core processor. The cores in a standard PC just help the other cores with strain and make the pc able to handle more processes at one
CPU Stands for "Central Processing Unit." The CPU is the primary component of a computer that processes instructions. It runs the operating system and applications, constantly receiving input from the user or active software
Thousands of years ago calculations were done using people’s fingers and pebbles that were found just lying around. Technology has transformed so much that today the most complicated computations are done within seconds. Human dependency on computers is increasing everyday. Just think how hard it would be to live a week without a computer. We owe the advancements of computers and other such electronic devices to the intelligence of men of the past.
Computers are very complex and have many different uses. This makes for a very complex system of parts that work together to do what the user wants from the computer. The purpose of this paper is to explain a few main components of the computer. The components covered are going to be system units, Motherboards, Central Processing Units, and Memory. Many people are not familiar with these terms and their meaning. These components are commonly mistaken for one and other.
A computer is a combination of several parts. These parts are Random Access Memory (RAM), a Central Processing