1. Introduction The common name for the genus Rhus is Sumac, which contains over 250 individual species in the family Anacardiaceae. Rhuscoriaria L. is a wild medicinal plant growing in the Mediterranean region, has long been used as a flavoring foods and medicinal plant (Ali-Shtayeh et al., 2008). In folk medicine and traditional Iranian herbal medicine, sumac has been used in the treatment of hypertension, cancer, stroke, diabetes, atherosclerosis, smallpox, liver disease, aconuresis, headaches, liver disease and dermatitis (Fazeli et al., 2007). In addition, R. coriaria has antiseptic, antifungal, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-ischaemic, hypouricemic, hypoglycaemic, and hepatoprotective effects, which support its use in traditional …show more content…
Dried and ground Sumac fruit epicarps (0.5 g) were extracted using methanol (80% v/v) and sonicated for 30 min at room temperature. Then it was centrifuged for 20 min at 3800g and the supernatant was collected into a round-bottom flask (Madsen et al., 2000). The extraction process was repeated four times by 80% methanol, the supernatant was mixed twice with 5 mL of n-hexane to purify of the non-polar fraction. The solvent was vaporization using a rotary under vacuum at 40° C. Finally, the extract was centrifuged again and the supernatant was filtered through a 0.2-lm syringe filter and stored at 20° C until analysis time. Separation and analysis of phenolic compounds from sumac extract was conducted with a series 1100 HPLC (Hewlett–Packard, Waldbronn, Germany) equipped with ChemStation software, …show more content…
In this study, a qualitative analysis of the phenolic composition has been carried out by HPLC-MS in negative and positive ionization modes from the hydro-methanol extract of R.coriaria fruits (Fig. 1). This method was used to identify and characterize of 191 phytochemical compounds (Matuszewski et al., 2003). Totally 78 hydrolysable tannins, 59flavonoid, 9 anthocyanin, 2 isoflavonoid, 2 terpenoid, 1 diterpene, 2 unknown whit C24H22O17 and C30H26O13 formulas in 14.6 and 34.52 tR and peak number 14 and 162, respectively and 38 other compounds identified in R.coriaria (Table 1). The most chemical composition group in Rhus species was hydrolysable tannins derivatives, flavonoid derivatives and other compounds (Bursal and Köksal, 2011; Kosar et al., 2007b; Zalacain et al., 2003). In totally, 40.83% of chemical compounds was allocated to hydrolysable tannins, 30.89% to flavonoid, 4.71% to anthocyanin, isoflavonoid and terpenoid, 0.52% to diterpene, 19.89% to other compounds and finally 1.04% to unknown compounds (Fig.
Monarda fisctulosa had various uses for the Native Americans. This multipurpose plant may also be known as Bee Balm, horsemint, wild oregano, or many more. The most common name is bee balm due to the multitude of bees that are drawn in; some rest on the back side of flower petals, while others spread pollen between the plants. In total, there is approximately fifteen known species currently growing. The parts of the plant can be consumed in a variety of ways. The plant was, and still is, used to treat many issues and illnesses. This paper will describe the characteristics of Monarda, and the many uses for the leaves and flowers.
7. Stevens, J., et al. Chemistry and biology of hop flavonoids. J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem.
The IR spectrum that was obtained of the white crystals showed several functional groups present in the molecule. The spectrum shows weak sharp peak at 2865 to 2964 cm-1, which is often associated with C-H, sp3 hybridised, stretching in the molecule, peaks in this region often represent a methyl group or CH2 groups. There are also peaks at 1369 cm-1, which is associated with CH3 stretching. There is also C=O stretching at 1767 cm-1, which is a strong peak due to the large dipole created via the large difference in electronegativity of the carbon and the oxygen atom. An anhydride C-O resonates between 1000 and 1300 cm-1 it is a at least two bands. The peak is present in the 13C NMR at 1269 and 1299 cm-1 it is of medium intensity.
...icted α-methyl-2-naphthalenemethanol. Probably the most obvious clue that corresponded to this secondary alcohol was the seven integrated hydrogens within the aromatic region of 7.5-7.9 ppm. This compound was the only one that had seven hydrogens belonging to naphthalene. The other two secondary alcohols 3-methoxy-α-methylbenzyl alcohol and 4-bromo-α-methylbenzyl alcohol have only four aromatic hydrogens.
Prunella Vulgaris is flavinoid rich, an anti-inflammatory, high in tannins, and used in many existing herpes treatments. Tea Tree Oil is also an anti-viral, though it has no effect on the herpes virus after it has penetrated the cell and can be irritating to mucous membranes. St. John’s Wort is a very old traditional treatment studied since the early 90’s with no definitive effect on the herpes virus. St John’s Wort also interacts with numerous drugs, including oral contraceptives, serotonin reuptake inhibitors and triptans (migrane medications). Aloe Vera has anti-viral qualities and helps soothe and speed healing of existing lesions. Geranium Maculatum was an addition to the ingredients that puzzled us, as this is an herbal remedy that was used in the 1800’s primarily to treat diarrhea, and has no known effect or benefit to treat herpes. Geranium Maculatum is also high in
Ultima, an elderly curandera, teaches a young boy about herbal remedies by gathering plants growing in the llano to cure the sick. She uses herbs like juniper, yerba del manso, oregano, manzanilla, and osha. Juniper can be used for nausea, headaches, and even some bug bites. It is also used for ceremonial fires. “Of all the plants we gathered none was endowed with so much magic as the yerba del manso” (Anya 39). Yerba del manso could cure burns, sores, piles, colic in babies, bleeding dysentery, and even rheumatism. Oregano can be used for coughs, fever, asthma, and bronchitis. “We wandered on and found some oregano, and we gathered plenty because this was not only a cure for coughs and fever but a spice my mother used for beans and meat" (Anya 40). Ultima also gathers an herb called manzanilla. Manzanilla is used to calm anxiety and settle stomachs. It also eases heartburn, nausea, and vomiting. Ultima uses it to cure a man’s mollera illness. “We were also lucky to find some osha, because this plant grows better in the mountains . It is like yerba del manso, a cure for everything” (Anya 40). Osha helps with coughs, colds, cuts, bruises, stomach troubles and rheumatism. It can also keep poisonous snakes
The ratio of the extract is 18:1, and the anthocyanin concentration is 3.2%. The concentration of anthocyanin is done by using a mechanical filtration procedure, where semipermeable members separate substances based on molecular sizes. Bacterial strains, S. Pyogenes, group C and G Streptococci, and B. catarrhalis, were obtained from patient samples and cultivated in sheep blood agar plates at 37 degree Celsius. The antimicrobial activity was determined by the growth of the bacteria in the plated agar gels with elderberry liquid extract concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Viral strains of KAN-1, H5N1 and B/Mass were used for the experiment. MTT assay and focus size reduction assay were the methods for testing the inhibitory activity of elderberry liquid extract of the viruses in cell
Generally, antioxidants can be divided into natural and synthetic antioxidants. Natural antioxidants are normally found in the plant extracts which are believed to exhibit strong antioxidant activity and protection against oxidant-induced damage such as diabetes, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disease (Maganha et al. 2010). Plants, fruits and vegetables are all known to be rich sources of natural antioxidants due to the presence of phenolic compounds, which are the secondary metabolites in plants (Misan 2010; Arya and Yadav 2011). Polyphenols, or phenolic compounds, constitute one of the most numerous and widely-distributed groups of substances in the plant kingdom (Urquiaga and Leighton 2000; Gan et al. 2010). They exist naturally in the form of glycosylated which makes them the most common water-soluble antioxidant compounds present in plants ...
The worldwide demand for high potency sweeteners is expected to rise especially with the new practice of blending various sweeteners; the demand for alternatives is expected to increase. The sweet herb of Paraguay; Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni produces; in its leave;, such an alternative with the added advantage that stevia sweeteners are natural products. The sweet steviol glycosides have sensory & functional & properties superior to those of other high potency sweeteners. Stevia is to become a major source of high potency sweetener for the increasing natural food market in the coming future.
Rong, T., (2007). Extraction, Separation, Detection, and Antioxidant Activity of Apple Polyphenols. American Chemistry Society, Chapter 20, 302-324.
...tioxidants and free radical scavenging. Different sample preparation techniques such as SFE extraction, pressurized hot water extraction and solid- phase extraction have also been utilized prior to analysis. High-speed counter-current Chromatography has been used for the preparative separation and purification of baicalin and wogonin from Scutellariae radix. Crude baicalin was obtained by extraction with methanol with water (70:30) from Scutellaria baicalensis. The separation was performed in two steps with a two phase solvent system composed of n-butanol with water (1:1). In which the lower phase was used as the mobile phase at a flowrate of 1.0 ml/min in the head to- tail elution mode. The simultaneous separation and purification of active components in Scutellaria baicalensis can be analysed by High-speed counter-current Chromatography (Sujuan Wu et al., 2005).
...mary example of a plant that has been used throughout history for multiple purposes. It was initially a plant that was only of importance to the Native peoples of the Americas. What was once considered a plant that was only useful in tribal folklore and ritualistic practices, is now being considered very valuable in the modern world. Current inquiries and research into natural alternatives to the many chemicals utilized in the modern food and drug industries is shining a light on the effectiveness and the many potential uses of B. Orellana. Its uses have expanded from its original intended purposes to an array of purposes because of its valuable properties. Although at this current point, more research is needed on B. Orellana to enhance its effectiveness and successfully implement it into more foods and medicines, the possibilities this plant presents are promising.
The condensed tannins are even further categorized into many different sub-types pertaining to the compounds structure and linkages of their flavonoid groups (Barbehenn and Constabel 2011). Plant species with secondary or woody growth have been found to contain generous amounts of condensed tannins (Hattenschwiler and Vitousek 2000). Conversely, these condensed tannins are generally absent within the herbaceous plants (Hattenschwiler and Vitousek 2000).
Alexiades, Dr. Miguel. Book Review: A Field Guide to Medicinal and Useful Plants of the
Reshetnikov S., Wasser S., Duckman I., & Tsukor K. (2000). Medicinal value of the genus Tremella Pers. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 2 (3): 345–67