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Staphylococcus bacterium
Staphylococcus bacterium
Staphylococcus aureus short notes
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Staphylococcus aureus also known as the staph infection is a group of bacteria that can cause a number of diseases as a result of infections of various tissues of the body. (Stoppler, 2014) S. aureus has long been recognized as one of the most important bacteria that cause disease in humans. It is the leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections such as abscesses (boils), furuncles, and cellulitis. Although most staph infections are not serious, S. aureus can cause serious infections such as bloodstream infections, pneumonia, or bone and joint infections. (Sheet, 2014)
People who are at risk to develop the S. aureus are newborn infants, breastfeeding women and people with chronic conditions such as diabetes, cancer, vascular disease, and lung disease. Injecting drug users, those with skin injuries or disorders, intravenous catheters, surgical incisions, and those with a weakened immune system due either to disease or a result of immune suppressing medications all have an increase risks of developing staph infections. (Stoppler, 2014)
Many healthy people can carry the staphylococcus aureus on their skin and in their noses without getting sick. The bacteria staphylococcus aureus causes damage when the skin is punctured or broken. It enters in the wound and causes infections, which leads to other health problems. Area infected becomes swollen, red, and painful.
Infections caused by S. aureus are abscess and cellulitis. Abscess looks like a boil and it is filled with pus, red, painful and swollen and the skin surrounding the abscess can feel warm to the touch. Cellulitis is an infection of the underlying layers of the skin. Results from a scrape or cut in the skin which allows bacteria to enter, although no injury may be appar...
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...th throughout the day. Clean hands can stop germs from spreading from one person to another throughout an entire community. Hand washing can save many lives.
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Sheet, M. D. (2014, 3 29). Minnestota Department of Health. Retrieved from www.health.state.mn.us.
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After the end of the experiment the unknown 10 sample was Staphylococcus epidermidis. Came to this conclusion by first beginning with a Gram Stain test. By doing this test it would be easier to determine which route to take on the man made flow chart. Gram positive and gram negative bacteria have a set of different tests to help determine the unknown bacterium. Based on the different tests that were conducted in lab during the semester it was determined that the blood agar, MSA, and catalase test are used for gram positive bacteria while Macconkey, EMB, TSI, and citrate tests are used for gram negative bacteria. The results of the gram stain test were cocci and purple. This indicated that the unknown bacteria were gram positive. The gram stain test eliminated Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella enterica, and Yersinia enterocolitica as choices because these bacteria are gram negative. Next a Blood Agar plate was used because in order to do a MSA or a Catalase test there needs to be a colony of the bacteria. The result of the Blood Agar plate was nonhemolytic. This indicated that there was no lysis of red blood cells. By looking at the plate there was no change in the medium. Next an MSA test was done and the results showed that there was growth but no color change. This illustrates that the unkown bacteria could tolerate high salt concentration but not ferment mannitol. The MSA plate eliminated Streptococcus pneumonia and Streptococcus pyogenes as choices since the bacteria can’t grow in high salt concentration. Staphylococcus aureus could be eliminated because not only did the unknown bacteria grow but also it didn’t change color to yellow. Lastly a Catalase test was done by taking a colony from the Blood Agar plate...
A common healthcare acquired infection that is seen both inside and outside of the hospital is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). MRSA can have detrimental effects on the patient and is usually acquired within the hospital setting. The PICOT statement has many important aspects to include such as: population, intervention, comparison, outcome, and time, which is used to produce an evidence-based question. According to Schmidt & Brown (2012), the PICOT statement is used in evidence-based practice is to make decisions about patient care based on evidence with clinical expertise appraisal and current research while also considering patient preferences and values. The PICOT statement: In patients between the ages of 30 and 70 admitted
Even though S. aureus is mainly associated with food poisoning, the bacterium can penetrate the skin or other mucous membranes to invade a range of tissues which will cause a variety of infections. Superficial infection of the skin can cause boils, impetigo, styes (infection of the glands or hair follicles of the eyelids), folliculitis, and furnacles. All of these infections are charac...
Pathophysiology of infection, inflammation response, and sepsis leading to septic shock (the cascade) is a major area of interest in the literature. Under normal circumstances, when a pathogen enters a human host and tissue damage occurs, the host initiates an inflammatory response to repair the tissue. The main types of pathogens include viruses, bacteria, and parasites (Porth & Matfin, 2009; Raghavan & Marik, 2006). Cellulitis is an example of an acute infection, which affects the skin and or subcutaneous tissue often in lower limbs. Cellulitis is caused by streptococcus pyogenes and staphylococcus aureus (multi-resistant bacteria) and is transmitted by direct contact, entering the body via broken skin such as ulcers and or following trauma. The presentation of cellulitis often includes pain (localised), erythema, fever and swelling. Infections such as cellulitis have a propensity to become systemic through distribution in the blood and lymph (Hadzovic-Cengic et al., 2012). The inflammation response to an infection involves the release of both pro and anti-inflammatory mediators. When excessive pro-inflammatory mediators such as cytokines are released they cause inflammation in a systemic manner that can cause sepsis or systemic inflammatory response syndrome (being the non-specific response to non-infectious cause) (Sagy, Al-Qaqaa, & Kim, 2013). Pro-inflammatory mediators also activate the complement system, which results in increased inflammation and upregulation of specific receptors that lead to cellular injury and apoptosis seen in severe sepsis and organ dysfunction (Ward, 2008). Organ dysfunction can occur in one or more organs such as the lungs, liver, kidneys and or heart and often results from a lack of...
Cellulitis is an acute spreading bacterial infection of the connective tissue, dermis and subcutaneous layers of the skin (ProQuest 07/2012 pg.5). Characterized by redness, swelling, warmth, tight/shiny skin and pain. It is sometimes accompanied by fever, swollen lymph nodes, chills and fatigue. Cellulitis first appears on pink-to-red minimally inflamed skin. The area of infection rapidly becomes deeper red and increases in size as the infection spreads. Occasionally, red streaks may radiate outward from cellulitis. Blisters or pus filled bumps may also be present (skinsight 12/2012 pg.5). The main culprit is the bacteria Streptococcus and Staphylococcus which can enter through a break in the skin.
You can get a staph infection by direct contact. For most people staph infection just gets into the skin by a scratch. A staph infection looks like a spider bite at first. Then it starts to get bigger and could form a boil or can form a scalded skin syndrome. A staph infection can be much worse if you get it inside the body. It can cause back pain, limps, and bone pain. You can also get a staph infection in your lungs it a form of pneumonia. This is very fatal in about fifty percent of the cases. Staph infections can cause more extensions of disease like toxic shock syndrome, skin infections, gastroenteritis, and thrombophlebitis all of those could potentially lead to
In an article by Linda Nazarko regarding prevention and treatment guidance, MRSA is defined as having the potential to cause life-threatening illness. There was also a background of the condition outlined, that some people can be colonized without being sick. While others, especially older people can have an active infection due to lowered immune systems and compromising factors such as wounds (Nazarko, 2014).
Two recent outbreaks of Golden Staph (S. aureus) have occured that appear unrelated, but were identified as being the same strain of CA-MRSA (Community-Acquired Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus).
The role of nurses in the prevention of MRSA in the hospitals cannot be overemphasized. The prevalence of MRSA in hospitals calls for awareness and sensitization of all party involved in patient caregiving in the hospital. According to Wilkinson and Treas (2011), nurses take on many roles in the hospital: a caregiver, advocate, communicator, leader, manager counsellor, change agent and an educator. (Wilkinson &Treas. (2011) p.13.) The target of healthy people 2020 is to reduce MRSA and all other hospital acquired infection by 75% in the year 2020. (Healthy people 2020) This cannot be achieved without the maximum support of nurses because nurses have regular one on one contact with patients on daily basis.This paper will take a closer look at the role of a nurse as an educator in the prevention of MRSA in the hospital. One of the nurse’s roles in the prevention of MRSA in hospitals is patient/visitor/staff education.
Staphylococcus aureus, usually known as the ‘golden staph,’ is a very common pathogenic bacterium that is most commonly found on skin. [1] It is a Gram and catalase positive organism. It’s usually habitant is on the skin and a majority of individual’s noses and respiratory tract. S. aureus is one of the most important pathogen in today’s society as it can cause mild to severe infections amongst humans. S. aureus can enter the human body by a cut or severe scratch into the skin.
daily practice of washing their bacteria laden hands in water intended for a batch of
Whitby, M., Pessoa-Silva, C., Mclaws, M., Allegranzi, B., Sax, H., Larson, E., Seto, W., Donaldson, L. & Pittet, D. (2007). Behavioural considerations for hand hygiene practices: the basic building blocks. Journal Of Hospital Infection, 65 (1), pp. 113-114. 1--8.
Infection control is very important in the health care profession. Health care professionals, who do not practice proper infection control, allow themselves to become susceptible to a number of infections. Among the most dreaded of these infections are: hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Another infection which has more recently increased in prevalence is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). These infections are all treated differently. Each infection has its own symptoms, classifications, and incubation periods. These infections are transmitted in very similar fashions, but they do not all target the same population.
“Researchers in London estimate that if everyone routinely washed their hands, a million deaths a year could be prevented” (“Hygiene Fast Facts”, 2013, p. 1). Hands are the number one mode of transmission of pathogens. Hands are also vital in patient interaction, and therefore should be kept clean to protect the safety of patients and the person caring for the patient. Hand hygiene is imperative to professional nursing practice because it prevents the spread of pathogens, decreases chances of hospital-acquired infections, and promotes patient safety. There is a substantial amount of evidence that shows why hand hygiene is important in healthcare
Effective hand washing is one of the most effective ways to stop the spread of germs and to keep you from getting sick, because it prevents transmission of pathogens. But what exactly is the most effective way to wash hands?