A vaccine is suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms that is used to induce immunity (Tortora, Funke & Case, 2004). In others words vaccines are products that are usually injected to the human body by needle, mouth or aerosol to produce immunity against certain diseases that are harmful to the body. Vaccines protect people from infectious diseases by reducing the risk of infection, it works with the human’s body defenses to help develop immunity. A vaccine is made of dead or weakened antigens they help develop immunity by imitating the infection. The vaccine does not cause an actual infection but the immune system recognizes it as a pathogen and produced antibodies in response. So when that particular active antigen enters the body …show more content…
The smallpox vaccine is the first vaccine to be discovered by Edward Jenner. Jenner noticed that milkmaids who had contracted a diseases called cowpox did not catch the smallpox. When he noticed that he took a fluid from cowpox blisters and scratched it on the skin of James Phipps an eight-year-old boy who only got one blister after being exposed to cowpox but recovered. Once James recovered Jenner’s inoculated him with the smallpox but he did not get it, then Jenner knew that the vaccine is successful. The vaccine is made from live vaccinia virus strain and is manufactured by using modern cell-culture techniques stocked in a lyophilized. The vaccinia vaccine helps the human body fight against the infection caused by the variola virus and also trigger robust T and B cell responses that target a wide array of viral proteins (Kennedy, et al., 2009). The vaccine can be administered through several quick puncture on the upper arm with a two-pronged needle known as bifurcate, then covered by a gauze to make sure the virus does not spread to other parts of the body or persons. The site where the vaccine was given begin to have multiple normal skin reactions similar to the stages of smallpox, this is a sign that the body is building …show more content…
There is two forms variola minor which is not lethal and variola major which produces the most severe symptoms. It mainly infects humans because due to its ability to evade the host immune responses and avoid complement activation (Graf, 2010). There are two main virulence factors the first one is a protein called SPICE that helps the virus evade detection by inactivating proteins part of the immune system called the complement system. The second one is CKBP-II which helps block immune response signals and promote inflammation at site of infection (Smallpox Fact Sheet, 2013). The initial step of the life cycle is attachment of the virus to the host cell. Once it enters the host cell it uncoat the exterior and the inner envelope virion, then the DNA uncoil along with multiple viral enzymes. This starts replication of the genome that occurs inside the cytoplasm. Once DNA is replicated to make a virion, the virion pass through cell membrane and is enveloped then released to repeat the process (Graf, 2010). The disease can only be transmitted through human to human interaction mainly by air droplets when a person is talking, coughing or sneezing because the virions are located in the mouth and nose secretion of an infected person. Unfortunately, there is no effective drug against the virus, only vaccines can prevent it. A person who has smallpox can take topical idoxuridine and cidofovir medication to manage the disease
Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth century a disease dominated the world killing one in three people who caught it, smallpox. The few that survived the disease were left with very disfigured bodies and weak immune systems. In modern days this disease seems very unusual and hard to catch; it is all because of one man, Edward Jenner.
The perspective the author gives to this book is a unique. Smallpox according to most histories does not play the role of a major character, but a minor part. In my opinion smallpox was a major factor during the Revolutionary War, and Feen focuses on several key areas which allows us to see just how bad this epidemic was and the grip it had not only on the soldiers, but the colonist as well.
It began with infection mainly in the blood vessels of the human skin and mouth, resulting in different kinds of symptoms that turn into serious stages. It was spread by physical contact with human skin and mostly affected children and adults. This disease was so outrageous that it led to a vast number of deaths in New England colonies. Also, smallpox virus is transmitted through airborne infection from the oral, nasal mucus of the infected person. But mostly was spread from close contact or contaminated material of the infected person.
Although the Columbian Exchange allowed for the beneficial exchange of cultures, ideas, foods, and animals around the world during the 1450-1750 time period, it also had a dark side. One detrimental result of the Columbian Exchange would be the spreading of smallpox from Europe to the New World.
The idea behind vaccines is to provide the body with just enough of the disease-causing substance to trick the body into producing antibodies against it. By injecting weak or dead infectious agents through the skin, it’s believed that the body will create the appropriate immune defense. Infants come into the world with antibodies they have gotten from their mother through the placenta. Infants who are breastfed continue to receive many important antibodies in the colostrum (the thick, yellowish premilk that is secreted during the first few days after a woman gives birth) and breast milk. During the first year of life, the immunity an infant gets from its mother at birth wears off. To help boost the fading ability to fight certain diseases, vaccines are given. Once the antibodies are produced, they stay around, protecting the child against the disease they were designed to fight.
Vaccines are a training for your body helping it to learn how to fight disease without actually having the symptoms. Antibodies are created in response to a disease
During one of his earlier apprenticeships, Jenner noticed milkmaids with a disease called cowpox. Cowpox is a close relative to smallpox and is only mild in humans. Pustules appear on the hands and a basic cold is also brought on. At Jenner’s young age he was able to link these two viruses together and come up with a theory for immunization. In 1796, while still attending medical school, Jenner decided to test this theory between smallpox and cowpox. He used a dairymaid, who was a patient of his named Sarah Nelms, who had contracted cowpox and had ripe pustules on her hands. Jenner realized this was his opportunity to test someone who had not contracted smallpox yet. He picked an eight-year old boy named James Phipps to use as his test subject. He scraped open a spot of James' arm and rubbed in a dissected piece of Sarah Nelms pustule into the open wound. A couple days later James became ill with cowpox but was well again within a week. This test proved that cowpox could be spread between humans as well as cows. Jenner's next test would be if the cowpox virus gave James immunity against smallpox. On July 1st of 1796, Edward Jenner obtained an infected smallpox pustule and scratched the virus filled pus into James' arm. This technique of placing a virus into a patient is called variolation. James Phipps did not develop smallpox within the
Vaccines have been around for hundreds of years starting in 1796 when Edward Jenner created the first smallpox vaccine. Jenner, an English country doctor noticed cowpox, which were blisters forming on the female cow utters. Jenner then took fluid from the cow blister and scratched it into an eight-year-old boy. A single blister came up were the boy had been scratched but it quickly recovered. After this experiment, Jenner injected the boy with smallpox matter. No disease arose, the vaccine was a success. Doctors all around Europe soon began to proceed in Jenner’s method. Seven different vaccines came from the single experimental smallpox vaccine. Now the questions were on the horizon. Should everyone be getting vaccinations? Where’s the safety limit? How can they be improved? These questions needed answers, and with a couple hundred years later with all the technology, we would have them(ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).
“Smallpox Eradication: Destrcution of the Variola Virus Stocks.” 15 April 2009. World Health Organization. 15 Nov. 2014
The spread of smallpox is by inhaling air from an already infected person, which will cause the person who is inhaling to become infected themselves. Another cause of infection is coming into contact with an infected person sneezing or coughing. Another form of spreading the disease has is infecting a person when they come into contact with the puss that is inside the lumps on an already infected person's body, also the skin and body fluids, as well as intimate objects that have b...
Illness has been a major part of humankind’s lives almost since the beginning of time. Throughout history, illnesses caused fatal epidemics that caused deaths between young and old, and brought fear upon all for the absence of a cure. Having an illness throughout most of history was considered an inevitable death sentence, as the majority of causes of death (Offit). Vaccinations have been experimented in China and Turkey in the 15th century, with methods such as inhaling or rubbing grounded up smallpox scabs against open cuts (Clem). Then in 1700s, the first form of modern vaccination was invented by Edward Jenner with the cowpox virus acting against smallpox, giving immunity against it (Offit).
Preventing serious infections by making a person immune to the infection is called immunization. This process is usually performed by the administration of a vaccine to stimulate the person’s immune system to protect them against a subsequent infection or disease. According to the World Health Organization (2016), more than 5 million deaths were prevented annually between 2010 and 2015 due to vaccinations that were used around the world. Vaccines work with the natural ability of the human immune system to develop immunity to fight disease. When a foreign infectious pathogen such as bacteria or a virus enters the body, it multiplies and becomes an infection and in many cases, this infection leads to an illness. To understand how vaccines
Understanding the difference between vaccine, vaccination and immunization may be difficult. Even though these words are associated with each other, they have different meanings. According the article basics, a vaccine produces immunity from a disease and can be administered through needle injection, orally, or aerosol. Vaccination is the injection of a killed or weakened organism that produces immunity in the body against the organism. Immunization is the process that produces immunity in the body against that organism. Vaccinations reduce the risk of Polio, Smallpox and Scarlet Fever by operating with the body’s natural defenses to develop immunities to these diseases. Depending on if a parent desires protection from disease or is concerned
Immunisation or vaccination is a very effective and safe form of medicine used to prevent severe diseases occurring from viruses and other infectious organisms and increase the amount of protective antibodies. It is given by drops in the mouth or injecting a person with a dead or modified disease-causing agent, in order for the person to become immune to that disease.
For innumerable centuries, unrelenting strains of disease have ravaged society. From the polio epidemic in the twentieth century to the measles cases in the latter half of the century, such an adverse component of nature has taken the lives of many. In 1796, Edward Jenner discovered that exposure to cowpox could foster immunity against smallpox; through injecting the cowpox into another person’s arm, he founded the revolutionary concept known as a vaccination. While many attribute the eradication of various diseases to vaccines, many United States citizens are progressively beginning to oppose them. Many deludedly thought that Measles had been completely terminated throughout the United States; however, many children have been patronized by