The progress of civil rights throughout history was a difficult one. There were limitation nonwhites faced and what was done to take a stand against it. There were numerous failures and obstacles that had to be overcome in order to get to the place we are today. During the “Second Reconstruction”, which lasted from the end of the WWII till the 1960s, there were vital elements that led to progressive change. Among these were the actions of the president, the courts, congress, and most importantly the people. In 1866, when African Americans got their freedom, they found jobs with farmers. They were desperate and the wage was incredibly low, but they would have shelter and food provided by the farmer. This was something desperate job seekers …show more content…
It was considered the first large scale demonstration against segregation. A couple of days before the boycott, Rosa parks did her part. Rosa parks got arrested and this sparked the American civil rights movement. This brought out the leader of the movement: Martin Luther King Jr. Within a year, the goal was achieved and buses were desegregated. Many did not trust him and didn’t want him to speak out. Many people kept quiet due to fear of violence if they spoke anything about the unfairness everyone was facing. The first organized sit-in for the purpose of integration was the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. The catalyst for the creation of Southern Christian Leadership Conference was the Montgomery bus boycott. Another organization formed was the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. This group’s main goal was to give younger African Americans a larger voice in the civil rights movement. They were worried the SCLC was giving younger people more of the attention they should …show more content…
There were three marches in total. The first march was considered “bloody Sunday” because 600 civil rights marchers were attacked by state and local police. The marchers arrived in Montgomery at the end of the month. During the summer of 1964, which is referred to as “freedom summer” brought together hundreds of college students to help register black voters and encourage involvement in the Civil rights movement. White students established school to educated black school children, and voter registration drives. This helped the pass of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Even though two civil rights acts passed and many actions had been taken for things to change, the modern civil rights movement from 1954-1964 was a failure. It cost the lives and jobs of many for fighting for equality. With all the good also came the bad, with massive backlash from southern whites. White supremacy groups felt compelled to react to the march. The Ku Klux Klan gathered hundreds to fight back. The Sixteenth Street Baptist church was exploded killing three young girls and later was heard a young black boy was attacked and murdered by a group of white people. The assassination of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. was a huge setback for the
Voting is one thing that was still around when Freedom Summer came; and when I say around I mean available. Let me explain… during the Reconstruction era blacks were able to vote. But most of them didn’t due to a number of factors. A couple of these being: poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses, etc. And if that weren’t enough you still had the Klan that would destroy any black polling booth and/or shoot, intimidate, and kill any black person trying to vote; especially in Mississippi. In the months leading to Freedom Summer the same thing was going on except the rules had changed. These new rules, to keep the black community from voting, were the same as the old except very vague. In document 2 it details these new requirements to become a registered voter. Some of these requirements included being able to read and write a section of the new Constitution, are able to demonstrate a reasonable understanding of citizenship, make a sworn written application for registration. So as you can see just like in Reconstruction, the voting power shifts back to the white race. Even if every black could read and write, who’s to say what a “reasonable” understanding of citizenship is.
The most critical issue raised by the North’s victory was the South acceptance of transition of freedom for former slaves. Since most of southern whites did not agree with the idea of freedmen, they created several ways to foreclose the blacks to exercise their rights. The South utilized dirty tactics to preserve the idea of slavery, such as laws as the black codes, lynching and other violent ways promoted by groups known as Ku Klux Klan.
Martin Luther King led the boycott. turned out to be an immediate success, despite the threats and violence against white people. A federal court ordered Montgomery buses. desegregated in November 1956, and the boycott ended in triumph. King led several sit-ins, this kind of movement was a success.
After the Civil War ended in 1865, it was followed by an era known as Reconstruction that lasted until 1877, with the goal to rebuild the nation. Lincoln was the president at the beginning of this era, until his assassination caused his vice president, Andrew Johnson to take his place in 1865. Johnson was faced with numerous issues such as the reunification of the union and the unknown status of the ex-slaves, while compromising between the principles of the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. After the Election of 1868, Ulysses S. Grant, a former war hero with no political experience, became the nation’s new president, but was involved in numerous acts of corruption. Reconstruction successfully reintegrated the southern states into the Union through Lincoln and Johnson’s Reconstruction Plans, but was mostly a failure due to the continued discriminatory policies against African Americans, such as the Black Codes, Jim Crow laws, and sharecropping, as well as the widespread corruption of the elite in the North and the Panic of 1873,
Although many laws were passed that recognized African Americans as equals, the liberties they had been promised were not being upheld. Hoffman, Blum, and Gjerde state that “Union League members in a North Carolina county, upon learning of three or four black men who ‘didn’t mean to vote,’ threatened to ‘whip them’ and ‘made them go.’ In another country, ‘some few colored men who declined voting’ were, in the words of a white conservative, ‘bitterly persecute[ed]” (22). Black codes were also made to control African Americans. Norton et al. states that “the new black codes compelled former slaves to carry passes, observe a curfew, live in housing provided by a landowner, and give up hope of entering many desirable occupations” (476). The discrimination and violence towards African Americans during this era and the laws passed that were not being enforced were very disgraceful. However, Reconstruction was a huge stepping stone for the way our nation is shaped today. It wasn’t pretty but it was the step our nation needed to take. We now live in a country where no matter the race, everyone is considered equal. Reconstruction was a success. Without it, who knows where our nation would be today. African American may have never gained the freedoms they have today without the
The thought of free labor was unbearable for slave holders, it bought outrage and many problems in the South. According to the white race African Americans were useful for plantations and with free labor coming into the picture they would be able t...
...of religion, the freedom to assemble and civil rights such as the right to be free from discrimination such as gender, race, religion, and sexual orientation. Throughout history, African Americans have endured discrimination, segregation, and racism and have progressively gained rights and freedoms by pushing civil rights movement across America. This paper addressed several African American racial events that took place in our nation’s history. These events were pivotal and ultimately led to the establishment of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. The Civil Rights Act paved the way for future legislation that was not limited to African American civil rights and is considered a landmark piece of legislation that ending racism, segregation and discrimination throughout the United States.
After the ending of the Civil War in 1865, slavery was, at last, formally abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment. Due to the freedom of these African Americans and the South’s ever-growing hatred towards this group, African Americans were left to suffer harsh discrimination and horrible conditions. Africans Americans were left without homes, education, jobs, or money. Reconstruction was the Radical Republicans’ attempt to try and bring the Confederate states back to normal and unite both the South and the North into a whole country once again. Reconstruction was also set to protect and help the newly freed African Americans assimilate to the new society and the foreign economy they were placed in. Conditions of the African Americans in the South before, during, and after the reconstruction period were no doubt harsh. African Americans, before the Reconstruction Era, struggled to assimilate with the hateful society they were thrown in, if not still slaves. Although their condition improved slightly, African Americans during the reconstruction period experienced extreme terrorism, discrimination, pressure, and hatred from the south, along with the struggle of keeping alive. After the military was taken out of the South, African Americans’ condition after the Reconstruction Era relapsed back as if Reconstruction never happened.
Equality: the monumental segment fought over for centuries, faced one of its biggest challenges in 1965. Selma to Montgomery, the march that shook a nation, is considered one of the most influential timestamps of fairness. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 attempted to combat the controversy of equality by forbidding segregation in public places, as well as prohibiting discrimination based off sex, color, race, origin and religion. This, however, was only the inauguration of a collection of moments aimed at shaping the future. In November of 1964, Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. and his administrative group, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, also known as SCLC, developed a campaign aimed towards allowing African Americans the right to partake in voting.
Over the course of his life, Dr. King would lead and participate in multiple non-violent protests against segregation. On the first of December, 1955, the arrest of Rosa Parks in Montgomery, Alabama would trigger the first of many protests led by King. The Montgomery bus boycott would last for 385 days and was so tense that King’s house was bombed. He was later arrested and released after the United States District Courts ruled that segregation on all Montgomery public buses was illegal. This paved the way for King to lead many more protests in his life and becoming a major leader in the desegregation movement.
From America's birth with the signing of the Declaration of Independence there have been few movements that have affected as many people as the Civil Rights movement. In a world where blacks were always seen as inferior, any other notion or conception of blacks was highly untolerated. Since Abraham Lincoln had freed the slaves in 1886, there had been no discernable change in the state of racial affairs in America. Not until Brown v. Board of Education ruled that schools should be integrated was anything done for help the plights of blacks. Even after Brown, the South met the changes with fierce and violent resistance. When CORE started their freedom rides, the activists were brutally beaten time and again by Southern whites opposed to change in their way of life. For many whites these were welcome changes that finally address the issue of racism and civil rights for all, but for the large population in the South the government telling them what to do did not sit well at all. These feelings of unrest caused many reactions from whites and blacks alike, but for whites in America these changes would rest deeply for years to come.
The Montgomery Bus boycott occurred at the time when Martin Luther King was a newcomer to the city. King was thrown into the boycott in an unexpected manner and was required to take up the leadership role. It is also reflected that Martin Luther King was selected in part due to the factors that at that time, he was not identified at all with any actions or even protests that the prominent blacks in the city of Montgomery were conducting. Therefore, after he was chosen to take part in the leadership roles, Martin Luther was somehow reluctant to undertake the position and serve the people of Montgomery. After the selection of Martin Luther King, there was a highlighting of peaceful demonstrations that were being held, such as the bus boycott.
Before the Civil Rights Act of 1964, segregation in the United States was commonly practiced in many of the Southern and Border States. This segregation while supposed to be separate but equal, was hardly that. Blacks in the South were discriminated against repeatedly while laws did nothing to protect their individual rights. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ridded the nation of this legal segregation and cleared a path towards equality and integration. The passage of this Act, while forever altering the relationship between blacks and whites, remains as one of history’s greatest political battles.
The Bus Boycott led to the Three hundred and eighty-one- Day Montgomery bus boycott, and the Civil Rights movement in the United States.
...or southern blacks to vote. In 1967 the Supreme Court rules interracial marriage legal. In 1968 Martin Luther King Jr. was shot dead at the age of thirty-nine. Also the civil rights act of 1968 is passed stopping discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing. In 1988 President Reagan’s veto was overridden by congress passing the “Civil Rights Restoration Act” expanding the reach of non-discrimination laws within private institutions receiving federal funds. In 1991 President Bush. signs the, “Civil Rights Act of 1991”, strengthening existing civil rights laws. In 2008 President Obama is elected as the first African American president. The American Civil Rights Movement has made a massive effect on our history and how our country is today. Without it things would be very different. In the end however, were all human beings regardless of our differences.