Viscometers are equipments used to measure samples of substances. They are made differently and each measures the viscosity of a given fluid in a unique way. throughout the project, the rotational viscometer is discussed in details relating to how different fluids behave, their viscosity and ability to work as well as their effects in engineering field. The torque required to effectively turn the spindle is measured by using a rotational viscometer. The rotational viscometers work under different mechanics depending on thier design and the fluid in which they are used. On the other side, the importance of fluids having different properties will be looked at from the field of engineering perspective by relating the viscosity of different fluids to the ability to work.
The project covers in detail the properties of selected fluids, how thier viscosity is affected by the properties and any other effect of viscosity on other factors. At last, after knowing the importance of fluid properties in relation to engieneering, various equipments different in design and workability are discussed, followed by the positive thought on engineering and properties of fluids.
Why properties of fluids are important.
A fluid can be either a liquid or a gas and understanding its properties enables the understanding of their expected behaivor under different environmental conditoins. A fluid flows or deforms under an applied shear force and in most cases tend to occupy and take the shape of the container in which they are put. In every field of engineering, aspects of deep thinking and calculations are evident aimed at ascertaining the real conditions under which the different fluids can work to determine the right fluid to be used in a given section of...
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...he manometers and presure gauges used include: the piston gauges that serve to balance the fluid’s pressure with that of the spring. The hydrostatic gauges like the mercury column manometer is used to compare the pressure to hydrostatic force in a given unit area. This occurs at the base of the fluid’s column. The hydrostatic gauges have very poor dynamic respnse though they are independent of the type of liquid measured. The liquid column gauge comprises of a liquid in a verticle column with ends exposed to varrying pressures. The column rises or falls until the force applied is at equilbrium with the differentila pressure between the two nends of the tube. In measuring the pressure of a liquid using the liquid column, the fluid under measurement must not be flowing for a static measured pressure.
Works Cited
m.k(2009). rotational viscometer. britain bublishers
When the liquid level is above the calibration line on the pipette, remove the bulb quickly and put your thumb or index finger over the pipette. Carefully “roll” finger to the side and allow the liquid to drop until the meniscus is level with the mark. Then hold the pipette over the flask to receive the liquid and remove the finger. Allow the liquid to drain out.
Compared to the linear peristaltic pump and rotary peristaltic pump, the 360 degree peristaltic pump runs more slowly at the same performance. As a result, the hoses will have longer lifetime which is economic. Furthermore, the 360 degree peristaltic pump produces less friction due to the unique structure, and therefore less thermal. Especially, the 360 degree peristaltic pump has only a single compression per rotation while the ordinary pumps with numerous shoes or rollers have at least two or more compression per revolution. This means that the design of the 360 degree pump will prolong the lifetime of the tube. At the same size, this design will generate more flow volume (55%) at the same
The viscosity of the corn syrup, measured in seconds it takes for an iron ball to move downwards in the fluid.
This is related to the blending of the fluids and rocks of the reservoir. Skeletal properties of interest to reservoir engineers include porosity, pore size distribution, compressibility, and absolute permeability of the rod. Interaction or dynamic properties of reservoir rocks are affected by the nature and by its interaction with present fluids, as...
Normally, emulsified water is generally present in crude oil as a result of the mixing occurring during production operations and referred to as oil field emulsion. This emulsion can be encountered at numerous stages include during drilling, producing, transporting and processing of crude oil. However, the formation of emulsion creates problems in oil field industry. They might increase the cost of production and also transportation; accumulate in the refinery tank age, pipeline corrosion, equipment failure, plugged pipeline. For economic and operational reasons, it is necessary to remove water completely from the crude oil emulsion before refining and transporting those. In order to separate the water content of the produced crude oils, the emulsions have to be broken through demulsification process.
The equipment they are using was not originally designed for the lower viscosity of Greasex.
The purpose of this experiment is to examine the performance and characteristics of a centrifugal pump, its motor, and the corresponding piping system, used to pump an ethylene glycol solution. The pump used in this experiment has a performance curve based on water, so pump performance curves, as well as motor performance curves, will be developed over a wide range of flow rates to determine the effect that the liquid viscosity and density have on the performance of this pump. Also, the pressure drop of the piping system will be examined to determine the extent of, if any, fouling in the pipes.
...he principle numbers of Froude, Reynolds and Weber. Mathematical model predicts the heat and mass transfer in numerical framework for both transports phenomena of relevance to the industry continuous casting tundish system. Additionally, it has an excellent agreement outlet temperature respond the step input temperatures in the inlet stream of water in the tundish model. The simulations of 8x8 grid and 16x16 grid are applied to obtain significant difference between the TAV maps in which both grids are computed by software represent the specific flow of the fluid in the model and the steel caster as the actual size system. Therefore, the physical and mathematical modeling is used as a guidance to build a model before the prototype is constructed in terms of calculation, measurement and determination of specific fluid flow, heat and mass transfer in the water model.
Viscosity plays a big factor in large companies manufacturing foods that are placed in our grocery stores. While the process of making the products they are controlled and measured so every
... model for the thermodynamics and fluid mechanics calculations for this system need to be presented.
When the liquid level in both arms is the same, the pressure of the sample of gas inside the closed end must equal the pressure of the external atmosphere since the downward force on the two columns of liquid is then equal. When the liquid levels are unequal, the pressures must differ. The difference in pressure can be measured in units of length of the vertical column of liquid. The mm Hg, or its modern version the torr, originated in this use of the manometer. Mercury is particularly convenient for use in manometers (and barometers) because at room temperature it has low vapor pressure, does not wet glass, and has a high density. Other liquids such as linseed oil or water have also been used in manometers.
The fluids which obey the Newton’s law of viscosity i.e. a linear relationship between the stress tensor and rate of strain tensor(τ=μ du/dy ), are called Newtonian fluids. These fluids are represented by a straight line on a graph between the components of shearing stress and rate of strain. The slope of line is represented by material constant μ i.e. coefficient of viscosity. In general this constant is a function of material properties like temperature and density. For such fluids, μ does not change with rate of deformation.
Ultrasonic is the universally accepted technique to study the physico-chemical properties of the liquids, liquid mixtures, electrolytic solutions and polymeric solutions. Liquids, liquid-mixtures and solutions find wide applications in medical, pharmaceutical, chemical, lather, textile, nuclear and solvent, solution related industries. The study and understanding of the thermodynamic properties of liquid mixtures and solutions are more essential for their applications in these industries. The measurements of ultrasonic velocity in the combination of density and viscosity have been used to study the molecular interactions in liquid mixtures and solutions.
Although, hydraulics are known to be used as far back as the Hellenistic age, the Proper named father of hydraulics is William George Armstrong. Hydraulics systems work in a very simple and easy to understand way. Force that is applied at one point is transmitted to another point using an incompressible fluid. When Force acts on a small area it can create a much larger force by acting on a larger area by virtue of hydrostatic pressure, Allowing large amounts of energy to be carried by a small flow of highly pressurized fluid. The benefit of a hydraulic system is that force multiplication/division can easily be added to the system.Often times a hydraulic system uses some type of oil although other fluids can be used.
Suction and lift are paramount contemplations when pumping liquids. Suction is the vertical separation between the liquid to be pumped and the core of the pump, while lift is the vertical separation between the pump and the conveyance point. The profundity from which a hand pump will suck is restricted by air weight to a working profundity of less than 7 meters. The depth to which a hand pump will lift is administered by the capacity of the pump and the driver to lift the weight in t...