Refraction of Light

I will then calculate the refractive index by using Sine I and Sine R. I will be looking at light going from glass to air (from a dense medium to a lighter one). Theory: Incident ray: Ray of light before refraction. Angle of refraction (R): Angle between refracted ray and normal at point of incidence. Angle of incidence (I): Angle between incidence ray and normal at point of incidence. Point of incidence: Point at which incident ray meets boundary and becomes refracted ray.

These rules have the intention of forecasting the absorption spectrum of a material and its wavelength (Woodward 1123). Spectrophotometry is defined as the empirical and quantitative assessment of the reflection of luminescence conveyance of a substance in relation to the wavelength. Spectrophotometry normally incorporates the application of a spectrophotometer. This device assesses the robustness of the luminescence (Schwedt 16).

Law of reflection The law of reflection states that when a ray of light strikes a plane mirror, the light ray is reflected off the mirror as such that the angle of reflection is equal to incidence angle. The diagram below illustrates the law. Figure 2: angle of reflection=angle of incidence In the diagram, the light approaching the mirror is the incident ray and the light leaving the mirror is the reflected ray. The line perpendicular to the mirror is the normal line. The angle between the incident ray and the normal line is the angle of incident and the angle of r... ... middle of paper ... ...ber structure Rainbow color components are evident through dispersion of visible light and total internal reflection in prisms.

When different polarization components of an optical signal experience different indices of refractive, they propagate with different velocities, causing pulse broadening and dispersion. These effect are known as polarization mode dispersion (PMD). PMD are a basic properties of single mode fibers that affects the magnitude of the transmission rate [D191]. Time domain effects of PMD in a shorter fibers length with a pulses being launched with equal powers on the two birefringent axes, x and y, become two pulses at the output separate by the differential group delay (DGD) see Fig. (2.9)

Based on the Euler Bernoulli beam theory and the surface energy, the motion equation of the nanobeam is given by [46, 70] where, is the density of the surface of the nanobeam. According to the Euler Bernoulli beam theory, the stress resultants are defined as [46, 70] Where the notation is divided to two parts that the notations and are caused by the angular velocity and the compressive axial force, respectively. These terms are obtained as following form The moment stress resultant is obtained by inserting the Eq. (4) into Eq. (6) as the following form [46, 70] Here the notation is moment inertia of the nanobeam.

Light bends around obstacles like waves do, and it is this bending which causes the single slit diffraction pattern. Some assumptions must be made for this description of the single slit diffraction pattern: * The slit size is small, relative to the wavelength of light. * The screen is far away. * Cylindrical waves can be represented in 2D diagrams as cicular waves. * The intensity at any point on the screen is independent of the angle made between the ray to the screen and the normal line between the slit and the screen (this angle is called T below).

A transverse wave is when these transverse particles move perpendicular to the motion of the wave. For example if you move the slinky again which ever way the vibrations on the slinky are moving the transverse particles are moving perpendicular to that wave. Sound is also a mechanical wave, this aspect comes from the motion of the wave and the particles moving in that wave. When sound moves in a longitudinal wave there are parts of the wave in which some parts are compressed and other parts are farther apart, these distances in the wave are known as compressions and Morgan 2 rarefactions, rarefactions in a wave consists of molecules with the least amount of force being applied pressure and compressions in a wave consist of molecules with the most amount of force bein... ... middle of paper ... ...s chain reaction continues until the brain recognizes the sound that you are hearing. There are diseases that can prevent sounds from getting to the brain and also nutrients from getting to the brain which cause cell death and makes it harder for the brain to function.

Exploring Refraction Refraction is the bending of the path of a light or sound wave as it passes across the boundary separating two mediums. If a wave of light travels from one medium to another the direction is changed. Refraction is caused by the change in speed experienced by a wave when it changes medium. A wave doesn't just stop when it reaches the end of a medium there will be some reflection off the boundary and some transmission into the new medium. The wave undergoes refraction as it approaches the medium.

Phys.) One example of practical devices modeled by such a profile is gradient-index optics (GRIN). GRIN optics are discrete optical components like lenses that have, similar to quadratic-index waveguides, a varying index of refraction in the radial d... ... middle of paper ... ...y equations yield a linear second-order differential equation analogous to a version of Hill’s equation called Ince’s equation. When the modulation strength is equal to zero, Ince’s equation is comparable to the harmonic oscillator, and linearized ray equations are found. The stability of rays passing straight down the optical axis to small perturbations is analyzed.

Therefore if intersystem crossing populates the triplet-excited state then luminescence might occur from the triplet state to the ground state. Phosphorescence refers to the emission of light associated with a radiative transition from an electronic state that has a different spin multiplicity from that of ground electronic state. The radiative transition TI -+ So in Figure 1.1 represents the phosphorescence. Absorbance molecule returns to the ground or lower energy state via a non-radiative transition such as vibration, collision with other molecules, etc. These give off the energy absorbed rather than the emission of light.