Argument
Psychological development plays a big role in the adolescent stage of an individual 's development, both biologically and environmentally. As Erik Erikson 's stages of Psychological Development model stated, "Identity vs. Role Confusion" occurs at the age of adolescence to the 20s. During this stage, individuals increase concerns for the way others seem them, and exploring "who am I '. However, inability to settle on an identity at this stage may lead to role confusion. This is an important stage as individuals are exploring and experimenting with different aspects of one 's self. An example can be expressed using an adolescent girl attending high school. She may try to dress differently, dye her hair, and make her own decisions
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continued exploration without commitment; Foreclosure, commitment without exploration, perhaps by taking on parent 's values and expectations; Diffusion, no tangible exploration or commitment, the least mature amongst all status. Marcia stated that not all individuals will experience all four of the identity statuses, some may even experience none. However, individuals who experienced all four of the identity statuses may have a greater chance at achieving their desired identities. Furthermore, the ego identity theory allows us to understand who we are as individuals. The ego-synthetic function allow us to interpret information about the world, while the ego-executive function allow us to execute an appropriate response. If an individual fails at mastering his or her ego identity, the individual is likely to result in role confusion because he or she has not yet developed the skill to react to different situations which indicates the lack in acknowledging his or her position and identity. According to Maslow 's Hierarchy of Needs, in order for each individual to develop into self actualization, he or she is required to fulfill the physical need, safety need, social need, and self-esteem. Without fulfilling the basic needs, it is impossible for the individual to realize his or her …show more content…
Racism, classism, prejudice, stereotype, and racial profiling still lurk beneath what deems to be a more civilized society compared to the 1800s. Discrimination is the main cause of identity crisis in adolescents as schools across Canada contains numerous diversified cultures and race. Visible minorities and obese adolescents are often the main target of bullying and discrimination. Islamophobia is defined as racism that leads to prejudice against and fear of Islamic beliefs and Muslims. This is a new term that was created due to the influence of the attack on the World Trade Center on September 11th, 2001. Some students, even teachers, effected by the prejudice views toward the Muslims, both consciously and unconsciously categorized Muslim students as "evil" and "dangerous". This can lead to identity crisis of the Muslim students as they are unsure of whether they are truly dangerous and evil. Even though some Muslim individuals possess a logical mindset, they may still break under the extreme peer pressure and the non-acceptance by society. The prejudice and discrimination will lead these students into depression, low self-esteem, and distrust in themselves, which ultimately may lead to serious issues such as committing suicide. Discrimination against obese people are also common in modern school settings. One study asked teachers
On a more refined level of Erikson’s theories, James Marcia’s four levels of ego identity are observed. The four stages are; Identity confusion, when there is not crisis or active commitments; foreclosure, still no crisis but starting to form beliefs, goals and values; moratorium, active crisis and actively trying to seek a way to resolve crisis, and finally, identity achievement; one has gone through and resolved crisis, and now has firm beliefs and
During this stage, Erikson believes that the individual’s successful identity formation relies on social, cognitive and physical maturation (Pittman, Keiley, Kerpelman, & Vaughn, 2011). The individual tries out different roles for who they see in themselves and who they portray to others, eventually committing to their own personal role and occupational choice. Pittman et al. (2011) describe the identity formation as “consisting of decisions, investments, and commitments tied to current and future roles, goals, and relationships.” Additional considerations for identity formation include the context of the culture which is available to the adolescent during this time. After successful resolution of this stage during adolescence, individuals will typically progress into Erikson’s Intimacy versus Isolation stage during young
...f adolescence allow development the identity that will serve as a basis for their adult lives. During Erikson's stage of identity versus role confusion, adolescents' description of self expands to include personality traits and attitudes. The emergence of abstract reasoning abilities allows adolescents to think about the future and experiment with different identities. The development of abstract thought in adolescence also impels the exploration of religious and spiritual beliefs. The development of religious identity begins to come into question with further exploration. Even though the adolescent may eventually adopt beliefs that were similar to their childhood beliefs, the process of exploration is important in achieving a religious identity.
role and confusion, the challenge of adolescence, begins at 12 to 18 years of age. The search for identity, the realization of one’s unique self and role confusion, not knowing who you really are.
Biological influences combined with societal and social expectations contribute to how well people learn to adapt to their environments (2013). According to Erikson, there are eight stages of development. Within these states, there are different psychological, emotional and cognitive tasks. In order to adjust, individuals must learn to develop these tasks. During adolescence, Erikson states that each person needs to navigate through the development task of ‘‘Identity vs. Identity confusion ’’ (2013). He defined this task by stating that adolescent children must learn to develop a sense of self and establish independence. Prior to this stage of development, a person’s parents largely influence their identity. In this stage the adolescent children begin to explore and develop their identity outside of their parents’ influence (Hill, Bromell, Tyson, & Flint, 2007). Adolescents are generally more egocentric at this stage and have an increased sense of self-consciousness. They also have a strong desire to conform to peer influence and develop concerns regarding their appearance. They develop concern about their level of competence in relation to their peer group as well. As peer influence increases, during this stage, parental influence decreases (Ashford & LeCroy, 2013; Hill et. al, 2007). Conflict generally increases between parent and child at this stage of development (2007).
This period is marked by physical, social, moral and emotional development (Davies, Hartdegen, Haxell, Le Geyt & Mercier, 2012). It is a time when the adolescent’s sense of self or identity is becoming much more clear and they are beginning to understand their role in society, starting to question the morals of others and contemplating their own moral and ethical beliefs (Davies et al., 2012). During this time Erik Erikson believed that adolescents are faced with the psychosocial stage of identity versus role confusion (Berk, 2008). Adolescents explore their values and role in society, overcoming this conflict to better understand their own identity, however if they do not fully overcome this conflict, Erikson believed that the adolescent would be confused about their values and future adult roles (Berk, 2008). This conflict was clearly demonstrated in my own development during the late teenage years when I experienced both the results of failing to overcome and then overcoming Erikson’s fifth psychosocial stage. At age eighteen I finished secondary school and began my tertiary studies, I had been accepted into the degree I had wanted to study since middle childhood, however I quickly learnt that I was enjoying neither my studies nor my experience of life in halls of residence. I discontinued my studies after only
Muslim children face high level of discrimination at their schools as they are welcomed with negative comments about their religion by the children of other religions. Though abnormal but normally Muslim students are labeled as Terrorists and they are often verbally coerced and mocked to migrate back to their native countries. The overall conclusion can be drawn as the study that United States suffered a lot during the attacks of 9/11 but the ones who are still facing the aftermath of that incident are the Muslims around the globe and especially those present in United States. Various reasons other than 9/11 attacks behind Muslim stigmatization around globe include stereotyping against Muslims in terms of non-flexibility, uncommon culture, simple life style and aggressive behavior.
Mistrust stage occurs at infancy and at this stage, Infants learn to trust others depending on the response of their caregivers who are usually parents. The Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt occurs between the ages of 18 months and three during which time children begin to emphasize their independence. This is done by exploring the world around them. Erikson, E. H. (1993). The Initiative vs. Guilt stage generally, occurs between the age three and five and at this time children assert themselves more frequently and are particularly lively. Industry versus inferiority stage occurs between the ages of five and twelve. As children grow in independence, they become increasingly aware of themselves as individuals. Erikson, E. H. (1993). The identity vs. role confusion stage, occurs during adolescence, between the ages of 12 and 18 years. At this stage the adolescents undergo an identity crisis during which they must establish an identity, goals, and a purpose. Erikson, E. H. (1994). The Intimacy vs. Isolation stage occurs in young adulthood ages 18 to 40 years. During this time the young adult begins to share themselves more intimately with others and explores significant relationships with others especially in marriage. The seventh stage is Generativity vs. Stagnation and occurs during middle adulthood, ages 40 to 65 yrs. This is the stage of development during which most people have children and provide guidance or a legacy to the next generation and in so doing
Human development is a highly complex lifelong process. Identity is a self-definition or sense of who one is, where one is going, and how one fits into society. It relates to our basic values that dictates the choices we make in life. It is considered that identity formation is a means of finding oneself, by matching one’s talent with available social roles. Crisis is a vital part in one’s development. It occurs in every stage of finding one’s self and without resolution, may lead to tension and role confusion. Dedicated and influential theorists such as Erik Erikson and James Marcia have contributed significantly to the broadening and understanding
Using Erikson’s theory of Identity vs Role Confusion with Mary Ann’s situation, one can see how when she was a teenager she went through the stage of role confusion. According to Erikson (1993) confusion comes from an adolescent 's inability to settle on a future role for themselves; “to keep themselves together mentally the teenager will emerge themselves within a specific group or crowd that is popular amongst their peers” (p. 262). When Mary Ann began to date Kurt during her sophomore year of high school, she went from being part of this mixed group of individuals who were not all white, not all brown, not all male or female, not a bunch of brainiacs, they were an enigma amongst the students at Flatwater High. Kurt was the handsome, buff,
Adolescence refers to the transition period experienced by children that occur between childhood and adulthood (Shefer, 2011). Identity is first confronted in adolescence between the ages 12 – 19 years old, because of physical and hormonal changes in the body. It is also due to the introduction of formal operations in cognitive development and societal expectation that this contributes to an individual’s identity to be explored and established (McAdams, 2009). The forces within and outside (family, community) the individual that promote identity development usually create a sense of tension. The basic task is, in Erikson’s terms, “fidelity or truthfulness and consistency to one’s core self or faith in one’s ideology” (Fleming, 2004: 9), in a nutshell: "Who am I and where am I
Historically, Muslims have often been the targets of abuse and ridicule, usually because they dress differently and practise a different faith, however, due to recent repeated terrorist acts by some extreme radicals and the Islamic state (ISIS), the fear and hatred has increased and developed into prejudice, which is an unfavourable attitude towards a social group and its members. After the terrorist attack in London, anti-Islamic attitudes were rampant, resulting in comments like the one above, and reinforcing group distinctions. People are more likely to categorise themselves as a certain social group, when they perceive the difference between themselves and people in out-groups, as more significant than differences within the in-group (the
According to various academic studies, the societal shift in views towards Muslim and Middle Eastern Americans led to an impactful decrease in quality of life for these groups. Following the 9/11 attacks, the FBI reported a 1,700 percent increase of racial and religious related hate crimes against Muslim Americans between 2000 to 2001 (Anderson, 2002). In the aftermath of September 11, Muslim Americans faced an upsurge in negative stereotypes expressed by the larger society either by the media or personal interactions(American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, 2003; Cassel, 2006) and Muslim immigrants, more than any other immigrant group, were met with negative attitudes (Council of American Islamic Relations, 2003; Saroglou & Galand, 2004). Since then, increased racial and religious animosity has left Arabs, Middle Easterners, Muslims, and those who bear stereotyped physical resemblance to members of these groups, fearful of potential hatred and hostility from the majority of western civilizations (Abu-Ras & Suarez, 2009; Baqi-Aziz, 2001; Kira et al., 2010; Rippy & Newman, 2006). Although Muslim is a religious label and does not pertain to race, the line between racism and religious discrimination is often blurred (Allen & Nielsen, 2002). Muslim Americans are often
It is the stage where an adolescent re-examines their identity. To be precise, the individual tries to find out exactly who they are. According to Erikson, there are two identities involved in this stage. They are; the occupational and the sexual (McLeod, 2017). The adolescent may be uncomfortable with their looks or body, but with time they adapt to the bodily changes. The experiences of this stage result in the virtue of fidelity. The meaning of fidelity is one’s ability to commit their self to others by accepting other people despite their ideologies being different (McLeod, 2017). In this stage, the person explores the possibilities and starts to form their own identity basing upon the outcomes from their explorations. However, a failure to determine a sense of identity in a society does lead to role confusion (Kroger & Marcia, 2011). The adolescent has not established what they want to be when they grow up. Specifically, role confusion entails a person, not sure about their place in society or even themselves. While responding to the role confusion, the adolescent starts to experiment with various lifestyles such as education, work, and other activities. Notably, pressuring someone with identity crisis can lead to a rebellion that can lead to he or she forming a negative identity. Additionally, the confusion and
During this stage adolescents develop a better understanding of self and belonging or they face identity crisis and role confusion. During this stage in my life I felt that I was rebelling and doing things that were not age appropriate. I did not respect authority and thought it was ok to do what I wanted to do. Even though I was a young teenager I did not think of myself that way. I thought of myself more like an adult. Through my negative experiences in this stage I suffered identity crisis and role