Prototype Theory: an evaluation
1. Preliminaries
This paper discusses prototype theory and aims to evaluate the proposal that prototype structures can serve as word meanings. It has been proposed that prototype structures have cognitive representations that could serve as representations of real world categories. This issue is discussed on the basis of a mainly theoretical approach, while particular issues are more extensively exemplified. A central conclusion is that prototype structures can be considered as having a supplementary role to word meanings, yet do not form an adequate or non-problematic basis overall. The following section introduces some basic features of prototype theory.
2. Prototype Theory: the underlining theory for prototype structures
“What kind of bird are you, if you cannot fly”, said the little bird to the duck. “What kind of bird are you, if you cannot swim”, said the duck and dived. (Prokofiér, Peter und der Wolf)[1]
Prototype theory, within the field of prototype semantics, originated in the mid 1970s with the psycholinguistic research of Eleanor Rosch into the internal structure of categories. Its revolutionary character marked a new era for the discussions on lexical meaning and brought existing theories (such as the classical view) into question.
The above quote represents the essence of the prototypical conception of the structures of categories; people create categories of things and assign the same name (or label) to things that are not exactly the same but similar. In the example although the duck easily observes that the little bird (which could be a sparrow or a blackbird for instance) could not swim and the little bird similarly observes that the duck cannot fly, they still call...
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The Pragmatic Theory. Searle proposed an account of metaphor that takes Davidson’s theory even further than the Naïve theory and rejects the idea of linguistic ambiguity idea (Lycan 184). Metaphorical utterance is taken to be a linguistic communication and it posits a cognitive mechanism that computes something that could be called metaphorical meaning. This theory of metaphor is the most compelling because metaphor is seen as simply of species of Gricean communication. The problem of explaining how we understand metaphor is a case of explaining how speaker meaning and sentence meaning can be divergent. Gricean logic can provide an instructive way to break down the problem of metaphorical meaning. This theory is the most plausible and overcomes Davidson’s leading objections to metaphorical meaning.
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