"Proper Meaning Superstition"
Ivor Armstrong Richards, co-author of The Meaning of Meaning, a great communication theorist and rhetorician, could not effectively communicate. Richards never completely understood and he was never completely understood by others. I. A. Richards believed that there was a "proper meaning superstition," or a false belief that there was one, precise meaning for each word (Craig, 1998, internet). He argued that meaning did not exist in words, but in people as a result of their past experiences. He sought to explain his ideas through concepts such as the Semantic Triangle, Comparison Fields, and the terms "signs" and "symbols", which distinguished meaning. Richards even felt that people were so misunderstood, that he developed remedies to conquer these communicative misunderstandings. His remedies included the usage of: Definition, Metaphor, Feedforward, and Basic English. These remedies can effectively decrease, if not eliminate, various interpersonal communicative misunderstandings, primarily those resulting in conflict, that occur in today's society. Unfortunately, as a result of his liberal viewpoints, I. A. Richards received and currently receives challenges and critique.
Throughout I. A. Richards' career, he focused his attention on meaning within communication. Richards was intrigued by meaning and how it was created and presented in communicative interactions. Richards primarily studied language and how its usage often leads to misunderstandings between sender and receiver. Richards had several notions as to the causes of misunderstandings within communication. He primarily believed that misunderstandings were due to what he termed the "proper meaning superstition." Richards' proper meaning superstition was a direct attack to the theorists of the time. These theorists held the firm belief that words held meaning and that when people use these words they were effectively communicating. Richards strongly disagreed. In fact, Richards' proper meaning superstition stated the exact opposite. The proper meaning superstition states that there is a false belief that each word holds a specific, concise meaning that is generally understood by all. Richards maintained that meaning was created in each individual and it was a result and a collection of that individual's past experiences. As a result of the idea that no two individuals are alike, no two meanings can be the for any given word. (Fordham, 1996, internet).
Richards stated that meanings could be categorized in terms of "signs" and "symbols." I. A. Richards utilized these distinctions to emphasize his idea of meaning within individuals not in words.
Witchcraft started in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. Superstition started when women were accused of acting strangely. These superstitions turned into trials, and later lead to mounds of hanged people. Most of the people accused were innocent, but the harsh judge rulings left them with nothing to live for. The only options for the tried, no matter if guilty or not, were to claim guilty, living the rest of their life in prison, or to plead not guilty and hang. Due to both consequences being equally as punishable, many people isolated themselves from society. Unfortunately, some people caused the uprising of the salem witch trials more than others did. In the play The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, Abigail Williams single handedly attributed to the
“Because we use and rely upon symbols, we do not respond to stimuli in a direct or automatic way. Rather, through drawing on symbols we give meaning to stimuli and act toward them based on that meaning”, (Sandstrom, Page17, 2014). As a reader it becomes apparent that author Sandstrom will be discussing how our minds have the ability to process our daily actions and interactions without causing for interruptions or pauses in our daily routines. The formation of symbolism and connecting meaning is so minuet, that; without placing thought towards the subject one would never know such a thing
Green roof can protect the roofing membrane against ultra-violet (UV) radiation and prevent physical damage due to degeneration of insulation and roofing materials. It can block solar radiations and decrease daily temperature fluctuations during summer and winter. All of these benefits make the roof lifetime longer [19].
The initial relationship between Romeo and Juliet is based on impulse. Romeo immediately chooses a lover without thinking about her. Romeo mopes about his past love. Romeo’s past love is Rosaline. When Benvolio suggests to Romeo that he can Benvolio suggests that Romeo learn to forget Rosaline "By giving liberty unto thine eyes; / Examine other beauties"(8), Romeo says that Rosaline is the fairest of all and that he can never forget her (8). Romeo thinks that Rosaline is a love of his life and He cannot live without Rosaline. He tries to find Rosaline in every girl he sees. This action -by Romeo shows that he considers love in the emotional way. On the other hand, Romeo forgets his first love when he first sees Juliet in Capulet party. Romeo tells to Juliet that
...sent different ideas of what meaning and how to achieve it, they agree on the point that it is not found by strictly adhering to the guidelines and ideals of society.
Tragedy has plagued the world ever since Pandora needed to quench her curiosity; nowhere is this most evident but in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. Romeo’s role as harbinger of the tragic events that occur in Verona is made painfully clear through his nature, hubris and tendency to blame fate for his actions. At heart, Romeo’s impetuousness is unquestionably responsible for his and Juliet’s death. It is this fatal flaw in his nature that signals him as a tragic hero, rather than the pawn of fate he proclaims himself to be.
The major character of the book anthem is Equaity 7-2521. Equality 7-2521 is the protagonist in the story. He is a street sweeper, and he later changes his name to Prometheus. He is vain, self-centered, strong, and intelligent, he is deeply curious and desires freedom to explore and think. Equality or Prometheus is six feet tall and sees it as a burden because not many men are six feet tall. Equality 7-2521 falls in love with LIberty 5-3000 who lets him change her name to The Golden One and later Gaea. He believes in individualism and rejects the collectivist society around him. Equality 7-2521 represents the superiority of a singular intellect.
The definition of a green roof according to Nian She from the Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, "is a multilayered vegetated roof covering consisting of a root barrier, a waterproof membrane, an under drainage system, and a layer of growing medium covered by plants" (Theodosiou 2009). Green roofs also known as living roofs have been around for centuries. They were used for insulation back when the world only used natural materials for building. Now-a-days they are considered the sustainable building design of the future. They are used for reasons like energy conservation for heating and cooling, reduction in the urban heat island effect, absorption of air pollutants and dust, storm water run-off management, and social and psychological benefits (Theodosiou 2009).
Romeo has many tragic flaws such as being emotionally immature. In the opening scene of the play Romeo’s father is concerned about his well being, Romeo has been isolating himself since he found out that Rosaline has promised herself to God and he cannot be with her. In an attempt to get his mid off of Rosaline, Romeo is dragged to a Capulet party where he sees Juliet for the first time. With just one look at Juliet any thought of Rosaline abruptly leaves his mind and he becomes infatuated with her instead. He exclaims,
Romeo and Juliet displays a clear but yet complicated views of love: Although love may seem powerless in this text, it actually is the driving force dictating the whole plot.
Romeo and Juliet is one of the most well-known plays written by William Shakespeare. The play most famously details the tragic deaths of two star-crossed lovers, the namesakes of the play, Romeo and Juliet. People have consistently argued over the true cause of these young lovers’ deaths. There are a variety of factors leading to Romeo and Juliet’s deaths, including their parents’ negligence of their children’s actions, which factors in Romeo and Juliet committing suicide. However, they themselves are ultimately the ones at fault. A prime example that illustrates Romeo and Juliet’s influences on their own deaths is their tendency to rush into their marriage. Another notable example is Romeo’s flawed perception of love, as shown by his infatuation
Romeo is a living, breathing hopeless romantic. He can be described as in love with the idea of ‘love’ itself. He was completely and utterly captivated by Rosaline. Unfortunately, she rejected him. Romeo’s friends take him to ‘crash’ the ball (Juliet’s family
Gottlob Frege (1) asserts that, in addition to the denotation of a sign (2), there is also a meaning attached. (3) The denotation is the specific thing that a sign refers to. The meaning, however, is the actual intention behind using the sign. It follows from this distinction that signs may be identical, but have different functions in a proposition. When it comes to meanings, it is not necessarily the case that the respective denotations of the same sign are equivalent. In fact, Frege argues, there may well be meaning without any denotation whatsoever. As an example, he uses 'the celestial body most distant from the Earth'. While this expression most likely has meaning, it is doubtful that it denotes anything. Frege concludes, "In grasping a (meaning), one is not certainly assured of (denoting) anything". (4) Yet, Frege admits, we must presuppose that there is, indeed a denotation, in order to grasp the meaning. He admits that while we may be mistaken in our assumption, the importance lies in the intention of the speaker, not in the existence of the denotation.
Díaz-Pérez (2014) talked about the Relevance Theory in translating pun. According to such theoretical perspective , a relationship between a translation and its source text is considered to be based on interpretive resemblance, rather than on equivalence (Gutt, 1998, p.2000). Relevance Theory is a cognitive pragmatic approach to communication proposed by Sperber and Wilson in the mid-1980s (Sperber and Wilson, 1986) and it is considered to be a practical way for translating puns. An utterance is said to be “used interpretively when it is intended to represent what someone said or thought” (Gutt ,1998, P.44). Therefore, Gutt (1998, p44) stated that translation is an interpretive use of language, and from the Relevance Theory view, a scientific definition of “translation” would be “interpretive use of language across language boundaries” . Zhonggang (2006, P.46) clarifies that Gutt’s framework the notion of optimal resemblance has to do with how many explicatures and implicatures the original text shares with the translated one. Thus, the more the ST and TT share, the more they interpretively resemble each
George Herbert Mead begins his discussion of symbolic interactionism (talking with others) by defining three core principles that deal with meaning, language, and thought. The theory states that meaning is the construction of social reality. Humans act toward people or things on the basis of the meanings they assign to those people or things.