This paper examines the physics involved in driving a golf ball off the tee. The objective of a drive is to achieve the greatest distance while leaving the golf ball in the middle of the fairway. Several factors will be considered in achieving the longest, and most accurate drive. The factors include calculating the velocity of the golf ball after the club and ball collide, the mass of the club head, launch angle, the shape of the club face, and finding the optimal golf ball.
Intuition tells us that the larger the velocity of the club head at impact with the golf ball, the larger the velocity of the golf ball after the impact. To calculate the velocity of the golf ball we need to consider the relationship between the velocity of the club head to the velocity of the golf ball.
If the collision between club head and ball were elastic we would be able to use Conservation of Mechanical Energy and Conservation of Momentum to determine final velocities of club head and ball after collision, but the golf ball undergoes some deformation at time of impact, thus some energy is lost.
A simple test of bouncing a golf ball on a solid surface shows that the golf ball does not return to it's initial height. The elasticity of a ball (e) is equal to the proportion of the velocity before collision to the velocity after collision. If the collision was elastic, e = 1. If the collision was perfectly inelastic, e = 0. The value of e is between 0.70 and 0.80.
In order for there to be a collision the initial velocity of the club head must be greater than the initial velocity of the golf ball. Also for there to be separation, the final velocity of the golf ball must be greater than the final velocity of the club head. Thus the eq...
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...ar Application to Golf.” The Physics of Sports. By Angelo Armenti, Jr. New York: AIP Press, 1992. 71-76.
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The agency I chose to do is the Hillandale golf course, which is located in Durham North Carolina. The reason why I chose to do my project on Hillandale golf course because since the beginning of the semester I have been traveling over to the golf course twice a week for a class learning the rules and the way the game of golf is played. Hillandale golf course is named the “Granddaddy golf course of Durham/ Research Triangle golf”. Hillandale was donated to the Durham area back in 1911 through the philanthropic interests of long-time Durham resident John Sprunt Hill. Donald Ross and Perry Maxwell originally designed the course. Donald Ross had designed the first 9 holes and Perry Maxwell came up with the last 9 holes. Since 1960 over 1.7 million rounds of golf have been played that being an average of 45,000 yearly. This public golf course provides a challenge from each level of players in the game of golf. In 1960, the Hillandale Golf Course was moved to its current location in Durham and was redesigned by George Cobb, who is also the designer of the Surf Club in Myrtle Beach, S.C.
The golf swing is possibly one of the most challenging and technical processes. In Eric Nagourney’s article, Exploring the science of the golf
Golf Magazine’s Encyclopedia of Golf. The Editors of Golf Magazine. New York, NY: Harper-Collins 1993.
Golf is the ultimate battle between man and nature. It is a beautiful sport in which dreams come true and hearts are broken. Man is challenged on every stroke by nature’s elements. Wind and rain are only a few of the conditions that affect this great game. Undulating hills, sand bunkers, thick rough, and even creeks and ponds come into play on most golf courses. These features are fierce at Augusta National Golf Course. Located along the fall line, the natural beauty of the region is the perfect complement to this championship golf course. Every spring when the flowers are in full bloom, Augusta plays host to The Masters Championship and is transformed into the Mecca of Golf.
The purpose of this paper is to describe the softball swing anatomically, mechanically, and analytically. By analyzing each move one makes when...
When looking at a collision between a baseball bat and ball, three things always apply:
All the math work, along with physics principles, aided in proving that math has a significant role in the game of softball. Although people know that math is included in softball, the degree of its inclusion is still a mystery to both the audience and players. As seen in the mathematics work and graphs above, an average throw of a regulation fast pitch softball is parabolic in shape. This parabola has a curvature known as the trajectory, or the bath of the flying ball. This trajectory and parabola increases as the distance of the throw increases, therefore, the maximum height of the throw increases. This proves that an average softball throw has many mathematical aspects that shape the way the sport is played.
Baseball is a fascinating sport that is exceptionally fun to play. This assignment is all about understanding the physics of a few key aspects of this sport. One might ask what physics could have to do with baseball? Like most sports baseball involves physical motion. Baseball encompasses all three planes of motion through throwing, hitting, and fielding. All of the classical laws of mechanics can be applied to understand the physics of this game.
Its America’s pastime. Since 1869, the MLB has been the sweetheart of American sports. A requisite to be a true American is to have a conceptual understanding of baseball; the seventh inning stretch, “Take Me Out To The Ball Game,” as well as hotdogs and warm summer nights at the ball park are all favorite memories of American pastime. However, what one might not realize is the extreme physics behind the game. The velocity of the pitch, and degree of the ball exiting the bat, the exit speed, and how an outfielder throws are entailed within the physics of baseball. It is important to understand the physics involved with baseball to grow in understanding and appreciation of the sport.
Imagine the sun bursting through the trees for the first time of the new day, the smell of freshly cut grass still potent to your nose as you tee the ball up for a round of golf in the cool mist of a spring morning. "That is what brings you back every time, the smell of the air, the coolness of the whether and the beautiful surroundings that make every shot enjoyable." (Suess, PI) This is the game of golf in its finest and most exquisite time to many people and many people it has touched in its long history. Golf is a lifestyle and not just games to people that are avid in playing. The game of golf has a history that is rich in technological advances and personal accomplishments, which through time has shown to shape the sport into what it has become today.
During the impact between the club head and the golf ball there is large force acting on the ball which causes it to deform. A player will ideally want to launch the ball in the highest possible speed. The one value we can measure for deformation is the coefficient of restitution (further on as ‘COR’). The COR is defined as the ability of one object to transfer energy to another at impact, between 0.0 for perfectly inelastic collision and 1.0 for perfectly elastic. In golf, it describes the ability of the golf club to transfer energy to the ball at impact. Ideally a player will want higher values of COR. When the ball is easily deformed, there is a higher energy loss and lower value of COR. Typically players use hard-shelled balls that are less easily deformed to keep the value of COR as high as possible. However to decrease the deformation of the ball and thus increase COR a player can decrease the speed of the club before the impact. Chou et al. (1994) shows how impact speed affects COR. At impact speed of 20 ms-1 the COR was determined to be 0.85. Yet when the impact speed increased to 45 ms-1 the COR fell to 0.78. Similar results were confirmed later by more researchers such as Ujihashi (1994). The COR is however mostly affected by the structure of the ball. Generally there are two types of golf balls on the market. Standard two-piece golf balls usually have a rubber solid centre and hard ionomer cover shell. They are harder to deform, thus the COR is higher and the ball travels bigger distances. The three-piece ball on the contrary is much softer. With a usually rubber centre covered by a rubber windage wrapped in a synthetic balata. This ball is much softer and has lower COR which makes it acquire less distanc...
Because of the evolution, golf looks much different than when it started. Because the sport of golf has changed, many people have been able to better their game and lower their handicap. Along with this, many more people have been introduced to the game which may be helping the sport be
Tiger's Driver Club head is moving at an average speed of 122 mph at impact with
...the more energy is lost and the less the ball bounces back. The less denting that occurs, the more energy is kept and the higher the ball bounces back.
Over the years, science has come to play a big part in sports all around the world. Whether an athlete is shooting a ball, or even just running up and down a playing field, there comes in factors of science determining the outcome. The game of basketball features projectile motions and collisions, energy and momentum, and much more. By studying the physics behind a basketball shot, one can develop insight into the shooting conditions most likely to result in a successful shot. This paper will focus on the physics behind the most fundamental shot in all of basketball, the lay up, and the backspin on a jump shot.