In the field of video surveillance, person re-identification is a task of matching the identity of a person captured by different cameras in the network at different places and times. The cameras used for surveillance are located at a much higher position than the person so that the conventional method of face recognition is not used for identification of the person. The images of the same person may vary from one camera view to another camera view (view point variation), or due to different lighting conditions (variation in illumination) or due to posture changes. In this paper, we introduce a re-identification method based on sparse representation. We have formulated the person re-identification as a ranking problem in which the proposed …show more content…
The person re-identification task is to match a person from one camera view with the images captured by other non-overlapping cameras. This task is highly challenging since the images of the same person captured at various places and times vary notably. When re-identification is performed manually, it requires a laborious effort but still remains inaccurate. With the increase in the use of video surveillance in public places, the interest in automated re-identification is growing. The conventional way of identifying a person in a crowd is done by face recognition, but this method is not possible as it is very difficult to get the details required for extraction of face features. Alternatively, other visual features like clothing, objects associated can be used for re-identification. But, still the visual appearance features remain very weak due to a number of reasons. Firstly, the cameras used for surveillance are fixed at a distance and the environment to be captured is highly uncontrollable. Secondly, when disjoint cameras are used, it is hard to fix the transit time between the cameras, as it varies from person to person. Thirdly, the features extracted from clothing are not distinct because there is a chance that many people wear clothes of the same color. Other important reasons include the variations in lighting conditions, view angles, occlusion, and background clutter.In the person …show more content…
The color features commonly used are the histograms of different color spaces like RGB, HSV, YCbCr and Log Chromaticity. The uses of color features reduce the computational cost. Color features are robust to variations in resolution and perspective [1]. Earlier works used single color space for feature extractions. Cheng, et al. [2] used histogram of RGB color space as the features, whereas Farenzena,et al. [3] used HSV color space. Several works were done to find more discriminative features which use more than one color space along with other features like texture, Histogram oriented gradients (HOG). Li, et al. [4] used the histogram of oriented gradients and color histogram in HSV space as feature representation. Syed Fahad Tahir [5] used features that are extracted only from the upper body using RGB, YCbCr and HSV color spaces for dimension reduction. Liu [6] used Joint HSV histogram as the feature descriptor. Tao,et al.[7] concatenated Local binary pattern (LBP)descriptor, HSV histogram, and RGB histogram were extracted from the overlapping blocks. LBP is a texture feature. Wang, et al. [8] used RGB, HSV histograms concatenated with LBP descriptors. Le An, et al. [9] extracted color features quantized mean values of different channels in the HSV and Lab color space, the semantic color names and the texture feature, Local Binary Patterns (LBP), Gabor
The ultimate goal for a system of visual perception is representing visual scenes. It is generally assumed that this requires an initial ‘break-down’ of complex visual stimuli into some kind of “discrete subunits” (De Valois & De Valois, 1980, p.316) which can then be passed on and further processed by the brain. The task thus arises of identifying these subunits as well as the means by which the visual system interprets and processes sensory input. An approach to visual scene analysis that prevailed for many years was that of individual cortical cells being ‘feature detectors’ with particular response-criteria. Though not self-proclaimed, Hubel and Wiesel’s theory of a hierarchical visual system employs a form of such feature detectors. I will here discuss: the origins of the feature detection theory; Hubel and Wiesel’s hierarchical theory of visual perception; criticism of the hierarchical nature of the theory; an alternative theory of receptive-field cells as spatial frequency detectors; and the possibility of reconciling these two theories with reference to parallel processing.
...rlapping figures, relative positioning from the ground line and also the illusion of making parallel lines join somewhere far away in the distance.
room, the camera is irrelevant, its purpose is muted and is only operational again when light
Thus, the audience can see every wrinkle on the old man’s face and the distorted expression on Francis’s face when Jane comes into view. Even lighting allows the audience to study the nuances of the characters’ expressions. Whereas low-key lighting would call attention to the darkness of the scene, high-key lighting works in tandem with the subtlety of the rest of the scene. It is also unclear what time of day the scene takes place. This is yet another unnatural element in the setting that makes the audience uneasy.
For example, if a star has a blue magnitude of 5 and a visual magnitude of 3, then it has a color index of 2. Color indices range from about -0.5 for the bluest stars t...
It is easy to think of biometrics as the future science technology are always happened in some fictions, associated with solar car and clones together. In fact, it has long history that people understood the basic principle and application of the biometric. Thousands of years ago, the people of the Nile basin used the biometric in everyday transactions (such as scarring, skin tone, eye color, height, etc.) for identification. Of course, they had no any automatic electronic identification system, or computer network, but the principle is similar.
In photospreads, there are numerous ways that one picture can be subtly different: lighting, color tone, brightness, sharpness, viewing angle, background or location of face in the frame (Green, 2013)”. According to Green these few factors alone cause eyewitness testimony to be 90 percent incorrect. However, digging a little deeper into the eyewitness testimony and police proceeding coming to eye witnesses (Green,
On the other hand, to deal with the second (ii) problem which is uncertainties about the pose, the shoes, the hair and caps of the suspect, several practical solutions are chosen, such as using solely images in which the perpetrator is standing straight up, and reporting estimation for the body length that includes shoes, hair and caps. Some investigators use computer models of human beings that are superimposed on the images. The pose of these models can be changed to make them look like the perpetrator in the images. One of these approaches has been published by (Lynnerup and Vedel, 2005). The most important conclusion is that for every case, reference video recordings of people with known lengths are crucial to estimate the systematic and random error.
Throughout life we face many ups and downs that help define us. They mold us into the person we are. Finding our own true identity can be very challenging for some people. This can be because we have other people in our lives controlling us to become the person they want us to be. This is very evident in Amy Tan’s “Two Kinds”. Jing-Me’s mother becomes obsessed with molding her into something she is not; an American prodigy. In “The Things They Carried” Lieutenant Jimmy Cross has trouble finding his own identity. He struggles to lead his men in war due to the fact he his hung up on a girl in New Jersey. In both short stories Jing-Me and Lieutenant Jimmy Cross struggle to find their true identities as someone else takes over their lives. It takes a coming of age event in both instances for them to find themselves.
All throughout The Maltese Falcon the camera angles change with the character. Camera angles and lighting affected the mood of the scene; scenes in which contained more mystery had additional shade and distortion of the lenses and hard lighting to create ominous shadows, among the characters. By creating depth in the scene and tilting the camera angle so that images were portrait, gave the impression of more events were taking place then actually were. Lighting was abnormal with neon lighting in the background and dull lamp light in the foreground, which in turn created it unable to get a clear picture of the situation. As well as background and foreground lighting, there was lighting that would only highlight specific objects, such as the Maltese Falcon, when it was being unwrapped. In some scenes camera angle would be slightly higher than the characters or shown through the characters eyes, the lighting would be underneath the character, not allowing the audience to see their full facial expressions. Lighting and camera angles played a huge role in creating the mystery in Film Noir.
Feature Integration & Visual Searches: Perceiving and Recognizing Objects in Space Introduction There are a number of theories developed in order to explain how the human brain assesses and perceives stimuli. Among these theories is the feature-integration theory presented in the 1980s by Anne Triesman and Garry Gelade. The theory sates that visual perception of a stimuli occurs in two independent and consecutive stages of processing. In the first stage, all features of the stimuli that can be separated are processed independently by using feature detectors for details of the stimulus such as color, size, and shape (Quinlan, 2013).
Visual Discrimination is “using the sense of sight to notice and compare the features of different items to distinguish one item from another” (NCLD Editorial Team, 2014) http://www.ncld.o...
Hue is the common name for the colours in the spectrum which are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. A pigment is a colouring ag...
Each culture has its own manner of clothing and features that define them. Arab women and their "hijab". The PuertoRican women with their "bomba" and "plena" clothes. Around the world, several clothes are observed that although the majority are not used in the daily life are considered typical clothes, a symbol that represents a culture. Similarly, it happens with the physical appearance. People try to classify a person only by observing their traits. In the past, this technique would have worked but today it is only a stereotype. A person of white complexion, blond hair and light eyes was considered a British or American but today a person from another country like South Africa can have these traits. Today, the mixture of nationalities and races is commonly observed. When people moves abroad, this element can be affected by the culture of this country. Their appearance and dress change because the way of dressing and fashion is
In the world of fascinating sights, colors are all are found everywhere in all sorts of ways. Colors are put into categories and types depending on what one is looking at. Some categories of colors may include: value-tints/shades, complementary colors, analogous colors, cool colors, warm colors, and neutral colors. The types of colors within these categories include: primary, secondary, tertiary, complementary, analogous, active and passive colors. These types and categorizes can be seen in a circular diagram that is divided by hue, saturation, and value called, the color wheel. The color wheel consists of all colors that are within the visible spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum A basic color wheel includes: red, orange, yellow, green, indigo, and violet. As one looks cl...