Surveillance is the monitoring of behaviour. In addition, surveillance system is the process of monitoring the behaviour of people, objects or processes within systems for conformity to expected or desired norms in trusted systems for security control (Cohen and Medioni, 1999). Video surveillance systems have existed 25 years ago whereby it started with 100% analogue system and gradually becoming digital system. The closed-circuit television (CCTV) camera is the most popular video surveillance because of its reliability and low price. The camera does not broadcast images but it records them, so that user can always check to see what occurred while they were away. It is widely used at public spaces and residences for security purposes.
In many countries the used of surveillance videos have been growing intensively. As a consequence, a large number of crimes were successfully recorded by the surveillance videos. Therefore, the question of identification of the person on the recording media or digital images is sent to the forensic experts more frequently. However, this can be a formidable task especially when the recordings are in bad quality and enhanced footage have failed to reveal the face (identity) of the suspect. Most of this problem is caused by the resolution of the system, uncalibrated equipment and the lack of efficient and practical method to identify the criminal suspect through surveillance images.
There are many private companies or public spaces still using CCTV (analogue) at low resolution formats for surveillance purposes. Analogue CCTV has great disadvantage in resolution compared to megapixels or high resolution CCTV (Cavoukian, 2001). According to Ratcliffe (2006) analogue resolution is enough for general su...
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...omated detection of lines and points in the images and the use of smart markers in reference video recordings.
On the other hand, to deal with the second (ii) problem which is uncertainties about the pose, the shoes, the hair and caps of the suspect, several practical solutions are chosen, such as using solely images in which the perpetrator is standing straight up, and reporting estimation for the body length that includes shoes, hair and caps. Some investigators use computer models of human beings that are superimposed on the images. The pose of these models can be changed to make them look like the perpetrator in the images. One of these approaches has been published by (Lynnerup and Vedel, 2005). The most important conclusion is that for every case, reference video recordings of people with known lengths are crucial to estimate the systematic and random error.
The following paper explores a homicide scene at a convenience store / gas station at 3 a.m. The material of the investigation is represented with a number of visible evidence, the dead body with an apparent gunshot wound in the chest and the testimony of the first officer at the scene. The paper is divided into four parts, including the general overview (introduction), latent impression processing, people’s involvement investigation procedure and evidence package for the further fingerprint analysis. The crime scene investigation protocol used in this paper includes interview, examination, photographing, sketching and processing itself (Castleman, 2000: 23). Observing the homicide scene we omit the analysis of the preliminary procedures as security of the scene, integrity precautions, photographing and sketching.
All the developed countries (developing countries are also in no way lagging behind) the incidence of the people being monitored under various surveillance systems is high of which closed circuit television system (CCTV) is gaining dominance. For instance, the UK has over 4.2 million of them, giving it a ratio of one for every 14 persons and the USA is reported to have been installing it on a rapid pace in every conceivable location as town centers, schools, public transportation systems etc with a spiraling budget estimated at $100 million. With the terrorists attacks looming large in the wake of 9/11 attacks and despite the killing of Osama Bin Laden, the trends are going towards more and more technology oriented surveillance methods. This has naturally caused widespread concerns about the privacy issues and necessitated more evidence based research to inform policy and practice.
In this paper, I will look at what can go wrong in eyewitness identification. We will discuss if eyewitness identification can be considered valid evidence for convicting individuals of a crime. And what precautions can be put into place to protect individuals from wrongful conviction and help make the process more trustworthy.
Rape, murder, theft, and other crimes almost always leave a devastating mark on the victim. More often than not, it would be impossible to identify the perpetrator a crime without forensic science and the technology it uses. Forensic science allows investigators to unmask the secrets of the crime scene. Evidence gathered at the crime scene helps to identify the guilty party, murder weapon, and even the identity of the victim (Harkawy, 1991: 276). The new technologies enables the forensic experts to have better and faster access to accumulated information, to be more accurate in the identification of victims or delinquents, and minimizes the possibility of wrongful accusations. New technology has improved the methods and techniques that forensic scientists and law enforcement investigators use, in order to provide a safer environment for other people. Information technology is one of the most important aspects in forensic science. It is very important for the forensic experts to receive the undisturbed evidence, such as fingerprints left at the crime scene, as quickly as possible, for more accurate readings. Thus using space technology, such as satellite communication, enables the forensic experts to "gather and digitize evidence at the crime scene, enter it into an on-site computer, and beam the data to a crime lab for swift analysis" (Paula, 1998: 12). Therefore, due to the use of this technology, forensic experts in laboratories can examine the evidence in short time, and the possibility of damage or unlawful manipulation of the evidence before the trial is minimal (Paula, 1998: 12). More often than not, "criminals" wear gloves at the time of the crime, thus to obtain a fingerprint...
Security cameras have become very widespread. These cameras are harmful to one’s safety and privacy. Security and surveillance cameras are both invasions of privacy
Surveillance cameras have evolved and have become more sophisticated over the years. With advanced technology cameras are now equipped with high definition imaging, audio, and even night vision. It is important for law enforcement to be equipped with this advanced technology when it comes to deterring and solving crimes. To explain, high definition cameras provide better image quality which makes it easier to provide officers, citizens, and the media with a distinctive description of the suspect or persons of interest. With this high quality imaging police are able to read words off a newspaper or a book from a light pole twenty feet away; this is a vital aspect that can help law enforcement officials with solving various types of crimes. Next, audio will help catch any verbal exchanges between the suspect and the victim. For example, if a gang affiliated subject was allegedly involved in an altercation with a rival gang member and are standing within a certain radius of the surveillance...
Many people live in fear that they are constantly being watched. Michael Jackson sang it best in the 80 's by saying, "I always feel like, somebody 's watching me," in his hit song with Rockwell. That 's exactly what the NSA and other government organizations are doing today with domestic surveillance. Everywhere Americans go and every corner they turn there is a camera, and every website or email they send is being monitored closely. So what can society do about this? Educate others on the situation and stand up for what is right. Some people believe they must give up some freedoms for protection, but at what cost? What is happening in America is not what the founding fathers fought for. Domestic surveillance should not be allowed because
CCTV which means closed circuit television, this is a system utilizes cameras to provide security by sending specific signal to destination, were it is used surveillance and observation of a place or people. In this paper I will seek to analyze how CCTV can be used as a comprehensive security solution by show the roles that a CCTV system would have to fulfill before it can be considered or viewed as a comprehensive security solution. These roles include deterrence, detection, delaying, assessment and response I will briefly explain each and give example. I will then move to explain how CCTV aids in the prevention and reduction of crime, by look at a reach and how the effect of CCTV in parking lots and other public places. I will also illustrate how CCTV can assist Law enforcement and other security practitioners in their investigations. Readers will be given short synapse of the different types of cameras and systems that are available, and examples of how they can be used and utilized. Last but not least I shall speak about the down side and concerns that come with having a CCTV system. This will be done by showing how the cost may affect the whole system, as it will take a good some of money to install, maintain and monitor the CCTV systems. Afterwards I will elaborate on one of the public major concern, which is surveillance system being intrusive and impeding on their right to privacy. The last concern that I shall discuss is the threat of hacker to CCTV system.
The history of the modern media surveillance systems begins first with the invention of the computer and the use of software. Before the internet, information was only transported between computers by a physical storage device or an extremely expensive network. Software for media surveillance was only used to scan the media that was available in data form for particular key words. It could then be stored and indexed to be later analyzed. (Sarlós, 1982)
McNamara, J. M. (2009). Sketchy Eyewitness-Identification Procedures:A Proposal to Draw up Legal Guidelines For The Use of Facial Composites in Criminal Investigations. Univesity of Wisconsin Law School, 764-799.
A powerful worldwide surveillance system is being built up and the world is being watched. Spy satellites are orbiting the earth, those are the eyes in the sky, and millions of video cameras and other sensors are scattered on the earth, the eyes and ears on the ground. The computer networks are continually growing, the brians of the system. Implantable microchips with miniature digital transceivers are attached to many objects and animals, and lately to some hu...
Eyewitness identification is presented as evidence quite often in the criminal justice system. The reliability and accuracy of an eyewitness testimony is still being researched today. Over 300 wrongful convictions have been exonerated including 75% of those wrongful convictions done by eyewitness misidentification, have been overturned through DNA evidence according to the Innocence Project. A person’s memories are not videotaped therefore recalling a specific event can be challenging and inaccurate. There are many factors that that can intervene with the accuracy of which an individual remembers an event or more specific, a face. These factors include, their mental state, the weapon focus, the cross-race effect and the influence of both line-ups
In this study, witnesses viewed a crime video and attempted to identify the culprit from a group line-up that did not actually have the culprit present. 253 mistaken-identification eyewitnesses were randomly given confirming, disconfirming, or no feedback regarding their description of the culprit or the culprit’s identification. The feedback process was either immediate or delayed for 48 hours, and measures were also immediate or delayed for 48 hours. It was shown that those who were given confirming feedback gave more distorted information. They had increased confidence in remembering what had happened, were able to make out facial details and their length of time to identify the culprit changed. There was also no difference in their statements when they were asked immediately or after 48 hours. Those who received disconfirming feedback were not so confident and took longer time to identify the culprit.
“Each light has a different preset wavelength designed to detect hair, fibers, and body fluids at crime scenes, these lights allow a crime scene to be processed faster and more thoroughly than ever before.” This technology is speedy and can help locate the whereabouts of criminals. The use of in-car camera systems has become very popular, especially by law enforcement. These cameras are used to record traffic stops and road violations of civilians. “From the time the first in-car cameras were installed to document roadside impaired-driving sobriety tests, the cameras have captured both intended and unintended video footage that has established their value. Most video recordings have resulted in convictions; many provide an expedited means to resolve citizen complaints, exonerate officers from accusations, and serve as police training videos.” Photo enforcement systems helps to maintain road safety by “automatically generating red light violations and/or speeding summons and as a result to greatly improve safety for the motoring public.” (Schultz,
Within the battle against crime, police forces and governments are increasingly using security cameras in public places. Some people are against this, stating that it intrudes on their privacy as citizens. Though individuals have rights as citizens according to our First Amendment there is a serious need to cut down on the amount of crime commented. In this research paper I will discuss security cameras and how they play an enormous role in cracking down on law-breaking. Security cameras have become universal in many countries. Before you could only catch sight of security cameras in banks and at high-security areas, they are now entering public places such as: malls, streets, schools and airports. Most people are offended by these cameras