For the purpose of this essay, this author will discuss the clinical issue of hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes. This essay will use The Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Illness. This model incorporates both physiological issues and psychological issues into one model (Engle, 1977). The Biopsychosocial Model determines that health and well-being are caused by the integration of biological, psychological and sociological factors. This model will be used to address both the physiological and psychological dimensions of hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes.
There are two types of diabetes mellitus, type one and type two. This essay will discuss hypoglycaemia in type 1. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is defined as an inadequate production of insulin by the pancreatic beta cells (Martini F, 2012). A person with type 1 diabetes needs insulin to survive. They also need to monitor their blood glucose levels carefully in order to prevent hyperglycaemia or hypoglycaemia. This essay will focus on hypoglycaemia.
The Diabetes Ireland Federation defines hypoglycaemia as a low blood glucose level (below 4mmols). The normal reaction in a patient who doesn’t have any type of diabetes mellitus against hypoglycaemia is a decrease in insulin and an increase in glucagon. However this natural reaction is lost in a patient with diabetes due to the beta cell failure in the pancreas (Cryer, P, 2010).
The possible causes of hypoglycaemia are missed meals, increased amounts of exercise or malfunctioning in the clearance of insulin (renal function). Insulin errors can also be a cause of hypoglycaemia; too much, too little, taken at the wrong time, or the wrong type of insulin taken (Van den Berghe, G, 2008).
As blood glucose levels in a type one diabetic patien...
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...n the person’s anxiety. The clinical interventions that can be taken are cognitive behavioural therapy and medication (HSE, 2014).
The Biopscyhosocial Model ensures the nurse has the ability to detect signs and symptoms of depression and anxiety. In using this model, the nurse can deliver holistic care and ensure all her patient’s physical and psychological needs are cared for.
In conclusion, this essay discussed both the physiological and psychological dimensions of the clinical issue of hypoglycaemia in a type 1 diabetic. The use of The Biopscychosocial Model enables the nurse to utilize not only her physiological knowledge but also her psychological knowledge in order to assess and treat the patient. This essay highlights the importance of using an integrated approach of caring for your patient not only on a physiological level but also on a psychological level.
My patient Hannah is a 10 year old 4th grade student who loves volleyball and was just diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus. I’m going to explain to you what her disorder is, the signs and symptoms, causes of this disorder, body changes, economic impact, and how she will manage this disorder especially at such a young age.
3: Briscoe VJ, Davis SN (2006) Hypoglycaemia in Type 1 and 2 Diabetes: Physiology, pathophysiology and management. Clinical Diabetes, 24 (3), 115-121
During the year 1889, two researchers, Joseph Von Mering and Oskar Minkowski, discovered the disease that is known today as diabetes. Diabetes is a disease in which the insulin levels (a hormone produced in unique cells called the islets of Langerhans found in the pancreas) in the bloodstream are irregular and therefore affect the way the body uses sugars, as well as other nutrients. Up until the 1920’s, it was known that being diagnosed with diabetes was a death sentence which usually affected “children and adults under 30.” Those who were diagnosed were usually very hungry and thirsty, which are two of the symptoms associated with diabetes. However, no matter how much they ate, their bodies wouldn’t be able to use the nutrients due to the lack of insulin.
The main cause of diabetes is that the insulin produced by the pancreas is not working properly so the body has an abnormally high blood glucose level. There are two important reasons why this happens: either there is no insulin present in the body, Type 1 Diabetes, or there is insulin present but it is unable to work, Type 2 Diabetes.
The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus in is related to the insulin hormone. Insulin is secreted by cells in the pancreas and is responsible for regulating the level of glucose in the bloodstream. It also aids the body in breaking down the glucose to be used as energy. When someone suffers from diabetes, however, the body does not break down the glucose in the blood as a result of abnormal insulin metabolism. When there are elevated levels of glucose in the blood, it is known as hyperglycemia. If the levels continue to remain high over an extended period of time, damage can be done to the kidneys, cardiovascular systems; you can get eye disorders, or even cause nerve damage. When the glucose levels are low in one’s body, it is called hypoglycemia. A person begins to feel very jittery, and possibly dizzy. If that occurs over a period of time, the person can possibly faint. Diabetes mellitus occurs in three different forms - type 1, type 2, and gestational.
The essay will describe the biopsychosocial model of health and its development including who developed the model, then it will look at the models separately which are the biomedical, psychological and sociological models. This essay will outline the effects that diabetes has on people in different ways in relation with the biopsychosocial model of health.
Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 44(9), 406. doi:10.3928/00220124-20130617-38. Torpy, J. M. (2011). The 'Standard' Diabetes. Jama, 305(24), 2592 pp.
Diabetes is a disease in which a person’s body in unable to make or utilize insulin properly which affects blood sugar levels. Insulin is a hormone that is produced in the pancreas, which helps to regulate glucose (sugar) levels, break down carbohydrates and fats, and is essential to produce the body’s energy. The CDC (2013) offers reliable insight, summarized here, into the different types of diabetes, some causes, and health complications that may arise from the disease.
Diabetes refers to a set of several different diseases. It is a serious health problem throughout the world and fourth leading cause of death by disease in the country. All types of diabetes result in too much sugar, or glucos in the blood. To understand why this happens it would helpful if we understand how the body usually works. When we eat, our body breaks down the food into simpler forms such as glucose. The glucose goes into the bloodstream, where it then travels to all the cells in your body. The cells use the glucose for energy. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps move the glucose from bloodstream to the cells. The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus further explains the concept on how this disease works. Pancreas plays an important role of the metabolism of glucose by means of secreting the hormones insulin and glucagon. These hormones where then secreted by Islets of Langerhans directly to the blood. Inadequate secretion of insulin results on impaired metabolism of glucose, carbohydrates, proteins and fats which then result to hyperglycemia and glycosuria. Hyperglycemia is the most frequently observed sign of diabetes and is considered the etiologic source of diabetic complications both in the body and in the eye. On the other hand, glucagon is the hormone that opposes the act of insulin. It is secreted when blood glucose levels fall.
Now that we have a general idea of how our body regulates sugar intake we can discuss exactly what diabetes is. It is a disease in which your body is unable to use glucose for energy, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. There are a few different types of diabetes. In some cases, a person’s body does not make insulin at all. Thus, there is no insulin to tell your cells to use the glucose for energy. This is called type 1 diabetes, or it was previously known as juvenile diabetes. Only 5 to 10% of diabetes cases are diagnosed as type 1 (Grosvenor & Smolin, 93). It is usually discovered before a pers...
1. Type 1 diabetes is a result from the body’s failure to produce insulin, which requires the individual to inject insulin in other ways (RCT).
Diabetes is a chronic disorder of metabolism characterized by a partial or complete deficiency of the hormone insulin. With this, there are metabolic adjustments that occur everywhere in the body. Specific to this child is Type One Diabetes. This is characterized by demolition of the pancreatic beta cells, which produce insulin. Because of this, it leads to complete insulin deficiency. Within Type One diabetes, there are two different forms. First there is immune-mediated deficiency, which typically results from an autoimmune destruction of the beta cells. The second type is called idiopathic type one, in which the cause is unknown. (Wong, Hockenberry, Wilson, 2015)
When living with a long-term health condition it can for some people present them with many new challenges. Not only does it take time for them to adapt and accept their illness but also they may feel affected not just physically, but psychologically, culturally, and sometimes even personally such as financial or relationships with family and friends. In this essay, I will examine in turn the main challenges people with diabetes face.
The pancreas uses these two hormones in order to monitor blood glucose levels. After a meal, blood glucose usually rises. This is when insulin secretion will start (Nussey S, Whitehead S. “Endocrinology: An Integrated Approach”). Consequently, blood glucose decrease to the normal range. This is how insulin maintains blood levels when is high. However, when blood level falls below normal range, glucagon comes into play. Low blood glucose occurs usually when hungry and during exercise. This will then triggers glucagon secretion. When blood level falls, the body goes into imbalance. Hence is why in order to maintain homeostasis glucagon is crucial. The body will tell the pancreas to increase more glucose and the pancreas will secrete glucagon by taking glycogen from the liver to produce glucose. The glucose will produce energy and will make blood glucose concentration increase (Homeostasis of Insulin and Glucose, Abpischools.org). When the pancreas cannot maintain homeostasis, many problems will arise in the body. When the pancreas fails to produce insulin, type 1 and 2 diabetes can occur. For those with type 1 diabetes, insulin injections will be needed in order to regulate blood glucose level, otherwise, glucose levels will be out of control. For type 2 diabetes, they are not insulin dependent like type 1, however, the body does not create enough in the body. When blood glucose
National Institute of Mental Health. (2010). Treating anxiety disorders. NIH Medline plus, 5(3), 15-18. Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/magazine/issues/fall10/articles/fall10pg15.html