One Health Case Study

For example, “When parasites, such as hookworms in man or trichostrongyles in cattle and sheep, affect the entire population, the effect of the disease is masked and often not recognized…the injections of these parasites results in great loss of blood through bleeding into the intestine.” Moreover, parasites infect their host leaving an escape route for bacteria and diseases to spread. These diseases can be contagious to humans, therefore animals harm the ecosystem by spreading bacteria and pathogens. According to Baucom and de Roode (2011), tolerance or resistant mechanisms in animals can reduce the growth of parasites. Diseases and bacteria are not the only problems with animals. As the human population increases, animals and humans come in conflict with one another because space and food are limited.

Farmers are giving animals synthetic hormones and antibiotics to increase the growth and kill bacteria. Unfortunately, if one consumes the meat and produce there are major side effects to human body. Hormones are given to animals to accelerate growth and antibiotics are given to treat pathogens, but unfortunately people are being affected by the hormones and the antibiotic resistant bacteria. Further, supplying the body with an abnormal amount of natural or synthetic hormones can cause a minor or major hormonal imbalance. Hormonal imbalance can affect the human body in multiple outcomes.

These antibiotic residues present in the meat then enter the human food chain and can pose a risk to human health. Extensive tests for carcinogencitiy and toxicity are conducted on each antibiotic that is used in animal health to determine the antibiotic tolerance level (Wilson, Otsuki and Majumdsar, 2003). The main method of transferring resistance from animals to humans is by the consumption of animal products that are contaminated with antibiotic residues. The selection of antibiotic resistant depends on multiple factors; these include the type of antibiotic, dosage and treatment duration (Antibiotic resistance & Prudent use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine, 2014). Effects of antibiotic residue in humans and the environment Antibiotics entering the human food chain could have several serious implications for human health.

Their benefits are numerous from biotechnology to antibiotics and vaccine production. In recent times and coming future the composition and/or function of the microorganisms is being manipulated to achieve specific health benefits. However, the harmful effects of microorganisms is of equal importance. They cause enormous number of disease condition to both human and animals. They are also responsible for spoilage of food and agriculture produce.

But they take to much and instead of helping they harm themselves. Not only does the animals get effected, they spread the bacteria into the food we eat and they harm humans. They also harm the environment because when animals get out wastes they also get out harmful bacteria which can spread to people and harm the environment. The most harmful antibiotic resistant

To animals, pesticides can disrupt their environments and kill them, which affects the food chain and humans. Pesticides also harm humans and can cause harmful side effects such as cancer and birth defects. These downfalls of pesticides far outweigh the benefits of pesticides, considering that there are alternative ways to naturally fertilize and control pests. All in all, pesticides must be replaced with alternatives as they harm humans and animals and can easily be replaced with natural methods that can save farmers money.

Antibiotic resistance bacteria cause infections that are unable to be treated by normal measures that lead to prolonged illness and greater risk of death. The number of antibiotic resistant strains threatens health security, the control of infectious disease, increases the cost of health care, and can damage trade (World Health Organization, 2013). Animal husbandry and the use of sub-therapeutic antibiotics in animal feed are listed as two of the major factors leading to the acceleration and sprea... ... middle of paper ... ...l production, and to expand animal agriculture research. The evidence of antibiotic resistance from sub-therapeutic antibiotics supports the need to eliminate this practice. In spite of farmers and pharmaceutical companies losing money, it is in the best interest of society to ban the practice of giving animals sub-therapeutic levels of antibiotics in their feed.

Without ecology, we would not know the affects many of these factors play for species or the balance of ecosystems as they function. For the purpose of this paper, we will focus on the animal kingdom and the interactions many species have within the ecosystems they live in. There are many factors which go into any ecosystem. When talking about extinction and endangered species of the animal kingdom, we need to look at all factors. When humans dump waste products into rivers and streams it endangers the species living in that environment.

The outbreak of such disease can lead to significant economic losses, both in the form of loss of production through the large scale extermination of infected animals, and through cost associated with adverse health effects in humans. Therefore there is large interest in finding solutions to these problems. One such solution has been the use of antibiotics in farm animals. While this has reduced the risk of certain diseases, over the years of use this has led to the rise of many antibiotic resistant micro-organisms, who pose a great risk to human health on their own. With the advent of genetic engineering technologies it has become possible to create new livestock animals whom are less susceptible to certain disease or might not transmit such diseases to humans (Houdebine 2009; Laible 2009).

These models are emerging in response to what is now recognized in the food industry; that the fate of microorganisms in food is largely unpredictable. As he points out, the ability of pathogenic microbial hazards to grow, survive or die under a variety of environmental conditions and stresses is of great importance in emerging models of risk assessment. What are these hazards and risk factors associated with microbial contamination, their ability to survive and grow or not, and their mechanisms for causing disease? The author focuses in on what are known as biological foodborne hazards: algae, fungi, protozoans, bacteria and viruses. Of these, he emphasizes the importance of bacteria, being most abundant, easily dispersed, and a great potential to colonize and contaminate.