Transmission
Onchocerciasis, is transmitted by several bites of an infected Simulium female black fly (CDC, 2013). As a result, from its bite microfilariae contribute to the pathogenesis of O. volvulus through immune response of human host(Sace, 2007). It is equally important, to mention the endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia gene. It is found primarily in female microfilariae, has been identified as being the reason for inflammation within the immune system as well as, mast cell development(Andre, Blackwell, Hoerauf, et al, 2002). The transmission of the infection starts in 3 main stages, the first stage is when a person already infected with Onchocerciasis is bitten by a black fly. The microfilariae (MF) then develop inside the fly
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The most common symptoms generally; are skin rashes, nodules, lesions, intense itching, visual impairment and blindness, along with weight loss,hanging groin and elephantiasis of the gentials in women(Opperdoes, 2002).Depending upon the strain the person is infected with, plays a key role in where nodules may appear on the body. As a matter of fact, there are two different types, the African and the Central American strains, differ in regards to location of the nodules on the body in high frequency. For example the African strain most often appear on the bony areas of the body: pelvic area, chest,spine, and knees. Whereas, the Central American strain nodules are seen above the waist, primarily on the head and neck. The number of nodules a person have may very from 1 -100, they cause no pain, but may cause body disfigurement (Sace, 2008). Severe itching, caused by the dead or dying microfilariae leads to scratching that cause bacterial infection. If the skin is left untreated the skin becomes loose, atrophy and discolored(WHO, 2015). In regard to the eyes, early symptoms of ocular onchocerciasis may be itchy eyes and redness (Nettleman, 2013) Baby worms can live inside the human host for 3 - 5 years and the adult can live for 2 - 15 years (CDC, 2013). According, to Little et al discovered that 5% of people living in affected areas have died from O.volvulus, due to microfilariae overload (Udall, 2007). On the positive side, 96% of once affected regions is no longer susceptible to the infection, due to education and administration of ivermectin(Hopkins, 2013). All in all, blindness is the probably the biggest complication of onchocerciasis (Sace,
Question 1: How is salmonellosis diagnosed? How does the method of diagnosis impact our understanding of the occurrence of salmonellosis in the community (e.g., burden of disease, trends over time, high-risk populations)?
middle of paper ... ...323. Lorch, JM, CU Meteyer, MJ Behr, JG Boyles, PM Cryan, AC Hicks, AE Ballmann, et al. 2011. The. "Experimental infection of bats with Geomyces destructans causes white-nose syndrome". Nature. The. 480 (7377): 376-8.
This final microbe is far less dangerous and easier to comprehend than the formerly mentioned ones. Histoplasma Capsulatum, often called histoplasmosis, is caused by a fungus called Histoplasma (1). This fungus thrives within earthy environments with lots of soil filled with bird and bat droppings (1). It is found mainly in the United States, specifically within the central and eastern states, such as around the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys (1). The fungus can also be found within central and South America, Africa, Asia, Australia, and small parts of Europe (1). While most people do not get sick, those who do become infected when breathing in the microscopic fungal spores in the air (1). Symptoms
Toenail fungus is an infection that affects millions of people all over the world and eight percent of adults in the United States. It is a contagious problem that may spread to your fingernails, causing embarrassment, and could have a significant effect on your social life. There are several different types of toenail fungus, but onychomycosis is the most common.
Schistosomiasis is a parasite. This parasite is a worm that you get through contaminated water. Urine and feces usually contaminate the water. The worm goes in to your body and migrates to the bladder, rectum, liver, lungs, spleen, intestines and some veins. After the worm migrates to these places this is where it matures and lays its eggs. The disease has the ability to lay two thousand to three thousand eggs per day and can live for twenty years. There are five different kind of Schistosomiasis that effect humans, these different kinds are; S. mansoni, S. Heamatobium, S. japonicum, S. intercalatum and S. mekongi. There are also other kinds of Schistosomiasis that occasionally infect humans, there are; S. bovis, S. mathei, and some avian schistosomes.
The biting midge (Culicoides imicola), which is responsible for this disease’s transmission, is usually contained within Mediterranean Europe; where the conditions have been exactly what the midge demands to survive (Society for General Microbiology NP). However, with an increase in average temperature of six degrees, the midge has been allowed to travel northward threatening the cattle throughout the area and even as far as England (Society for General Microbiology NP). The spread of the midge’s territory has led to an increased number of their population, along with the amount of infected cattle.
Disease and parasitism play a pervasive role in all life. Many of these diseases start with microparasites, which are characterized by their ability to reproduce directly within an individual host. They are also characterized by their small size, short duration of infection, and the production of an immune response in infected and recovered individuals. Microparasites which damage hosts in the course of their association are recognized as pathogens. The level of the interaction and the extent of the resultant damage depends on both the virulence of the pathogen, as well as the host defenses. If the pathogen can overcome the host defenses, the host will be damaged and may not survive. If on the other hand the host defenses overcome the pathogen, the microparasite may fail to establish itself within the host and die.
Several tests may be performed on patients to determine the cause of lymphatic damage and elephantiasis. A definitive diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis is done through the identification of the microfilariae in blood. Samples of blood are taken at night. Other test used for diagnosis is immunodiagnostic test; it can identify the cause of the symptoms based on the detection of antigens of Wuchereria bancrofti. This test is highly specific and sensitive, blood samples do not have to be taken at night (Seppa
Necrotizing Fasciitis (flesh eating bacteria ) from an essay by Katrina Tram Duong, edited by S.N. Carson M.D.
This parasite is spread through the bite of sandflies. There are three different types of infections and they each show varying degrees of severity. The cutaneous form produces mild skin ulcers, mucocutaneous produces ulcers in the mouth and nose, and the visceral form of the disease starts with skin ulcers and then fever, low red blood cell count, and an enlarged spleen and liver. The parasite is detected by a microscope and visceral can also be found by doing blood tests. 12 million people are in infected in 98 different countries and 2 million new cases are found every year. The disease also kills around 20 to 50 thousand people a year.
The female mosquito bites an infected animal then carries their offspring which are called Microfilariae to your dog. (Administration, Animal and Veterinary)
A person who has been infected by the disease may experience signs of fatigue, loss of appetite, fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and a red rash that appears blotchy. Generally the signs become present between ten and twenty-one days after the person has been exposed to and infected by the virus (Silverstein et al., 1998). This is what is known as the incubation period (Plum, J., 2001). The rash is most likely to begin on the chest, back, or the scalp, but will soon spread to the rest of the body. After a couple days of having physical evidence of the infection, the rash will s...
"Bloodborne Pathogens : MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia." U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 09 Feb. 2014.
The A. lumbricoides and hookworms infect the small intestine and T. trichiura (Whipworms) infect the large intestine, especially the cecum. Their reproduction occurs outside the host, and this is a crucial feature of the epidemiology of these parasites. Eggs in the feces of infected persons are deposited in the soil. Ascaris and whipworm eggs become infective as they mature in the soil and infect people upon ingestion through hand-use, contaminated water and food. Hookworms do not infect through eggs but larvae that hatch out from them and penetrate the skin of humans when walking barefoot for example or larvae could also be ingested in the case of Ancylostoma duodenal.
Medical asepsis plays an integral role in infection control within a health care facility. It includes procedures used to decrease and prevent direct contact with blood or bodily fluids and emphasizes keeping the environment clean on a regular basis (Curchoe, Astle, & Hobbs, 2014). In order to achieve optimal health, individuals depend on practices and techniques that control and ultimately prevent the transmission of infection. These practices and techniques can help avoid the transmission of infections by creating an environment that protects both health care workers and patients from communicable diseases. Good hand hygiene has been stressed as the single most important measure to prevent cross-infection to patients in health care facilities