(Ke E 10,11) Explain, using a diagram, the use of Fractional Distillation in an Oil Refinery. How is this method used to help produce chemico-technical products (fuels,solvents, etc).
Due to having different boiling points the substances in the crude oil can be separated if/by using fractional distillation. The crude oil is braked down and its steam condenses at different temperatures in the fractionating column. Every fraction contains hydrocarbon molecules with very similar numbers of carbon atoms.
(Ke C 10,11) Refineries often use cracking to produce chemicals from oil which can be useful precursors.
Explain why we have to “Crack” long-chain hydrocarbons instead of using the products of fractional distillation directly when we manufacture plastics
By cracking it will let us turn long chain molecules into shorter and more usable ones. It always makes short-chain composites, for example ethene and propene which have a double bond between carbon atoms. The double bonds make these composites reactivate, so they can be used as “New” plastics. If using the cracking method it will help us make/manufacture plastics, if we have a long chain molecule we will not be able to add other atoms, but by cracking the molecule it will break it down to small parts and it will help us to take the small/broken parts and add other atoms.
Describe in detail the production of a typical plastic like High density Polythene or PVC. from cracking to monomer and polymer.
To make PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) you have to start from the beginning by cracking the hydrocarbons molecules to monomers whom both are double bonds. PVC is a used plastics which contains Hydrogen, chlorine and carbon. It “started” from the method of polymerization. This is a ...
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...red by mud and silt. The silt and mud lays into rocks leaving the organic matter caught between layers of rock. As more silt and mud is laid down, more layers of rock are added on the organic matter layer. The extra weight of the rocks and some heating from beneath the organic material are helping to drive out water which includes oxygen in it. Then the oil comes up through porous rocks until it does hit a nonporous rock and there it stays to be collected. So to extract the oil we have to then use a drill to find the oil, and to find oil over the ocean we use the same concept and use a drilling rig to take out the oil. So to extract the oil we usually pump down some steam, the steam then pushes the oil up out of the ground. But there is places which are very cold and there is oil in the ground we have to then pump down a warm steam to make the oil really comes up.
hydrocarbons that forms during the extraction of natural gas and is used as a thinning
Separation of olefin-paraffin mixtures resulting from cracking are often done in a series of distillation columns designed for this purpose. A common process diagram is shown in Figure 2-1. @ Master thesis). For each olefin-paraffin pair, two columns are required. The first separates that size of molecule from the rest of the mixture (e.g., separation of ethylene and ethane from the remaining feed) while the second separates the olefin-paraffin pair from each other (e.g., separation of ethylene from ethane).
This area is known as the Permian Basin. Most of the oil is being produced from rocks
There are a number of points at which Fox talks about how fracture fluid contains a mix of over 596 chemicals and how they are undisclosed because they are considered proprietary. Not only do individual states mandate the full public disclosure of fluid additives, but the federal government does as well, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requires that this information be kept at all well sites (Energy In Depth). Since then, it has been proven that fracture fluid is comprised almost entirely of water and sand, and typically containing less than one percent of an average of 12 components, most of which can be found around the house. Additionally, oil and gas is not the only use of fracturing, as it has also been used to access sources of water and geothermal
First step to produce polyethylene is to obtain the ethane from the ground. Ethane can be obtained either by extraction from natural gas or from crude oil using a process called fractional distillation (AUS-e-TUTE n.d.; University of Washington). Fractional distillation is a process that separates the various components of crude oil, in this case, to obtain ethane.
According to the American Council of Chemistry, plastics, which are otherwise known as polymers, are comprised of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and other elements that are combined through the conversion of natural products like oil, natural gas, or coal (ACA, n.d.). Between 7 and 8 % of the oil and natural gasses produced annually are used either directly in the conversion of such fossil fuels to plastics, or in powering the processes to produce plastics (Hopewell, Dvorak & Kosior, 2009). Plastic combinations can either form as thermoplastics, which are plastics whose atoms are connected in long chains that can be melted and reused, or thermosets, which are plastics whose atoms are arranged in three dimensional patterns that cannot be melted or reused (ACC, n.d.). Plastics are used in a wide range of products. For example, polyesters are used in textiles and fabrics, polyvinylidene chlorides are used for food packaging, polycarbonates are used for glasses and disks, and more. By the United States energy averages of 2015, each kg of plastic produced requires 62-108 mega joules of energy. The plastic requiring the largest amount of energy per kg is silicon which required about 235 mega joules of energy per kg. Three hundred and twenty two million metric tons of plastic produced in 2015 alone, and that value continues to raise, (Global plastic production,
The most commonly produced PVC structure by addition polymerisation is the atactic PVC. As seen in Figure #, the chlorine atoms are branched randomly and asymmetrically along the carbon backbone. Unlike the other two structures, the random orientation prevents the polymers from packing closely together and is described to be ‘amorphous’.
The Olefins II Unit makes hydrocarbons from naphtha or natural gas using furnaces. After distillation, the p...
Producing PVC requires the use of chlorine gas. PVC ranks the third in both global plastic output and consumption. Over 33 million tons of PVC is being produced each year and that figure is increasing annually. Around 57% of PVC’s mass is chlorine, so it requires less petroleum than many other polymers. (Thornton, 2002) PVC is strong, resistant to oil and chemicals, sunlight, weathering and flame resistant. It’s everywhere around us. PVC is an incredibly versatile material use in bottles, packaging, toys, construction materials, bedding, clothing, piping, wire coatings, imitation leather, furnishings and more.
finding new ways to drill for oil and also refine it more efficiently to ensure that
Plastic bottles are everywhere, whether they are soda bottles, water bottles or even reusable bottles. Each year the number of plastic bottles filling up landfills is increasing by a considerable amount, which is a serious problem and can result in grave consequences for the environment. The average time estimated for a plastic bottle to decompose is approximately seven hundred years. One way to solve this problem is to recycle plastic bottles into the polyester by a process called polymerization. A lot of textile industries select polyester as their choice of fibre and fabric. Polyester is extensively used in manufacturing all kinds of clothes and home furnishings. According to Kris Barber (2011, page2), it takes about three bottles to make
» Downstream: significant refineries incorporate unrefined petroleum preparing and transport of items to retail outlets.
The purpose of this experiment is to compare the processes of distillation and fractional distillation to discover which procedure enables a more pure sample of ethanol to be collected from an ethanol/water mixture.
The oil refinery converts crude oil into valuable products and supplies. These products are made and sent to many countries abroad, in which are transported on land or along rivers and canals. Crude oil is then arranged and categorized into segments by fractional distillation. Raw crude oil, or unprocessed crude oil, is not normally beneficial in most industrial applications. Low sulfur crude oil has been valuable as a burner fuel to construct steam for the force of seagoing vessels. The lighter elements have the ability to construct explosive and dangerous vapors in the gas tanks. There are extremely hazardous, and are often used in war ships. The remaining hydrocarbon molecules are filtered from crude oil and used towards lubricants, feedstock, plastics, and fuels.
Petroleum is retrieved from the fossil layer of the crust mostly through oil drilling. It is then refined and separated, most easily by boiling it and then gets converted into a large number of consumer products that varies from Petrol (known as gasoline mainly in the US and in Canada ) to petrochemicals that are used...