Introduction
The use of opium as analgesic and antidiarrheal agents can be traced back to the 30th BC by the Sumerians and predynastic Egyptians. Opium has undergone numerous modifications, and has been accepted as standard medical compounds worldwide today (Brock et al., 2012). To manage moderate to severe pain, opioids treatments are the mainstream of therapies for in the Western countries. It has been estimated that 90% of American patients who present to pain centers receive opioids for the treatment (review1). However, there is the potential for great harm along with the use of opioids, including various burdensome side effects and complications. Patients receiving opioid analgesics often suffer from opioid-induced bowel dysfunction (OBD). Constipation is the most common clinical manifestation. Hence, opioid-induced constipation (OIC) is reported by the most of opioid-treated cancer patients as a more frequent source of suffering than the pain (burden32).
It is not uncommon for patients on opioid therapies to have co-prescriptions of laxatives. However, the effects are less than satisfactory, as a great number of patients still complain about the distress from constipation. Hence, with the interest of OIC, this paper aims to explore the current understandings of OIC on its incidence, influence, and coping strategies. It will also reveal the prevalence of OIC and discuss the impact of OIC. According to the latest literatures, a summary of the evidence-based best practice and therapies for OIC will be addressed. In addition, it will describe current practice and compare it with the best practice. Subsequently, based on the comparison and gaps between the current practice and the best practice, the methods to improve practice ...
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Non-pharmacologic measurements are advocated to be used throughout the whole opioid treatment. Even though, there is not strong clinical evidence supporting their effectiveness, anecdotal reports, clinical opinion and patients perceptions all contribute to their wide applications. The use of laxatives conforms with both best practice and current practice; however, they are not evaluated as effective as they are in simple constipation case when treating OIC. Opioid antagonists are promising new agents for OIC, but more researches are needed for their adoptions in the future practice. Recommendations on education and research were discussed for the further improvements. OIC remains a significant challenge for medical staff. All health professional should enhance collaboration to improve practice and research, in consequence, work out better approaches.
In medical school/pharmacology school, medical professionals are taught to treat severe pain with opioids. However, opioids should be prescribed with the possibility of future dependency in mind. Physicians often struggle with whether they should prescribe opioids or seek alternative methodologies. This ethical impasse has led may medical professionals to prescribe opioids out of sympathy, without regard for the possibility of addiction (Clarke). As previously stated, a way to address this is use alternative methods so that physicians will become more acquainted to not not treating pain by means of opioid
Meera, A. (2011). Pain and Opioid Dependence: Is it a Matter of Concern. Indian Journal Of
Adults A Child and Youth Professional (CYC) supports adults in their lives in countless ways. They act as advocates, mentors and teachers to parents that are or have been in difficult situations. Some of these situations are, but not limited to, teaching parents to cook and clean, creating a safe environment for their children that may be involved, and facilitating crisis intervention. As a CYC helping parents and young adults, there are two approaches that are used. The term for the first approach is the surface approach.
Almost one hundred years ago, prescription drugs like morphine were available at almost any general store. Women carried bottles of very addictive potent opiate based pain killers in their purse. Many individuals like Edgar Allen Poe died from such addictions. Since that time through various federal, state and local laws, drugs like morphine are now prescription drugs; however, this has not stopped the addiction to opiate based pain killers. Today’s society combats an ever increasing number of very deadly addictive drugs from designer drugs to narcotics to the less potent but equally destructive alcohol and marijuana. With all of these new and old drugs going in and out of vogue with addicts, it appears that the increase of misuse and abuse is founded greater in the prescription opiate based painkillers.
First of all, administering medication oxycodone as patient request. Oxycodone is a opioid analgesics, belong to schedule 8 drug addition. It has to be prescribed by doctors to relieve moderate
Opioids are used as pain relievers and although it does the job, there are adverse side effects. Opioids are frequently used in the medical field, allowing doctors to overprescribe their patients. The substance can be very addicting to the dosage being prescribed to the patient. Doctors are commonly prescribing opioids for patients who have mild, moderate, and severe pain. As the pain becomes more severe for the patient, the doctor is more likely to increase the dosage. The increasing dosages of the narcotics become highly addicting. Opioids should not be prescribed as pain killers, due to their highly addictive chemical composition, the detrimental effects on opioid dependent patients, the body, and on future adolescents. Frequently doctors have become carless which causes an upsurge of opioids being overprescribed.
Effective treatment of cancer pain is essential for ensuring the best outcomes for cancer patients, in terms of physical, psychological and social aspects. Although there are no NICE guidelines for management of cancer pain, WHO guidance should be used to inform clinical practice. Careful assessment is a critical element of the process to ensure that patients are offered the treatment which is likely to offer the best outcomes, yet without providing a greater than necessary risk of complications such as tolerance and addiction to opioids. The main outcome that this paper highlights is that “Pain is what the patient says it is and exists when he says it does” (McCaffery 1983
The practice of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) has been around for approximately four decades now. During this time there have been improvements to the technology and the understanding of how to use this form of patient pain control; however, there continues to be concern related to the safety and efficacy of PCA. As this analysis proceeds it will briefly explain what PCA is and how it is used, then delve into the benefits and the safety issues surrounding PCA use as it pertains to the patient and the nurse. Some of the benefits of PCA include improved pain management, improved use of nursing resources, increased patient satisfaction, and reduced pulmonary issues (Hicks, Sikirica, Nelson, Schein & Cousins, 2008). Some of the safety issues surrounding PCA use include infusion pump programing errors, basal infusion dosing, and proxy errors when using PCA by proxy (Ladak, Chan, Easty, & Chagpar, 2007). Therefore, the purpose of this report is to examine the benefits and risks of patient-controlled analgesia and how it relates to nursing practice.
By the year 2000 opioid medicine containing oxycodone etc., are being abused and misused and more than doubled in 10 years’ time.
(1) The Center on the Social and Emotional Foundations for Early Learning, or CSEFEL, is a training model designed to provide teachers with curricula and skills to promote social-emotional learning in their preschool classrooms in order to prevent challenging behaviors (CSEFEL, n.d.). I interviewed Dr. Mary Louise Hemmeter, who is the principle investigator at CSEFEL at Vanderbilt University. This center works with child care programs, preschools, and Head Start programs to prepare children for the transition into kindergarten, where self-regulatory and social-emotional skills are necessary (Hemmeter, Ostrosky, & Fox, 2006). This program promotes social-emotional skills for all children in the classroom to prevent challenging behaviors, and
The business model for IDEO began as an open-minded place to design, develop and manufacture new products. The last 20 years of proven product design driven by innovation has translated into profit margins for their clients and continuous refinement for IDEO’s process. IDEO pioneered “concurrent engineering” where design and engineering work together to produce aesthetically pleasing products that are also highly functional. This was different from many other similar companies that placed more emphasis on the industrial design than the engineering. IDEO’s strengths grew out of the ability to master this ability with high tech clients. Corporations came to IDEO because they had a proven system of developing the best products through using their key ingredients for innovative strategy.
Potent pain medication contains the aspects of utilizing medications such as morphine or demerol, how the medications are dispensed, and t...
The overall success for IDEO’s comes from the aspects of organizational process, culture and management. IDEO is an overall outstanding product development firm which helps organizations design products, environments, digital experiences and even services. The company does so through design thinking “methodology”. In other words, IDEO has a design philosophy as a role of prototyping. IDEO has as proven to be doing a spectacular job at designing products and services for these organization considering that they have designed over thousands of products.
The Indian retail industry has emerged as one of the most dynamic and fast-paced industries due to the entry of several new players. It accounts for over 10 per cent of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and around 8 per cent of the employment. India is the world’s fifth-largest global destination in the retail space.
Codeine is naturally occurring opiate from the poppy plant and is an agonist of µ opioid receptors in the central nervous system, leading to analgesic effects. There are three other opioid receptors (delta, kappa, and the nociceptin orphanin peptide receptor). Opioids acting at the µ receptor have demonstrated significant decreases in pain (Fields, 2011). Codeine is typically prescribed as an oral medication to treat mild to moderate pain, such as cancer pain (Bernard et al., 2006). It is also used as a cough suppressant and as an antidiarrheal medication. Although the main effect of this drug is analgesia, side effects include respiratory depression, constipation, nausea, vomiting, skin rashes, and euphoria followed by dysphoria. In the present day, codeine is mainly synthesized by pharmacological companies and as a pro-drug of morphine. Most of the metabolites of codeine have similar affinities for the µ receptor, except for morphine and its metabolite, morphine-6-glucuronide (Caraco et al., 1996). Morphine has an affinity 200-fold higher to this receptor than codeine, which may help explain the addictive characteristic. Other opioids that act on this receptor include heroin and oxycodone, also having high addiction potential (Fields, 2011). Heroin is more potent than both codeine and morphine.