Introduction
The preparatory-response model was first proposed by Pavlov and is a type of classical conditioning. Pavlov suggested that a conditioned stimulus can act as a substitute for an unconditioned stimulus. An example of the preparatory-response theory involves cases in which conditioning eventually results in a conditioned response that appears to be opposite of the original unconditioned response. This type of preparatory response is called a compensatory response and is easily observed in habitual drug users. The user can learn to associate cues from the environment that are commonly present when using a drug the body begins to prepare itself for the effect.
As a result of the body trying to prepare for the drug it may cause an increase in tolerance for the drug being used. This type of tolerance should be behavioral. A behavioral tolerance is a tolerance in which the brain learns to compensate for the effects of a drug by using parts of the brain not effected. These response are thought to be an adaptive response that attempt to restore homeostasis.
Many experiments have been conducted to investigate the compensatory-response model. McCuster and Brown asked participants drink alcohol in a familiar, “alcohol expected” environment or an unfamiliar,” alcohol unexpected environment. For their experiment the familiar environment played pub music, and was designed to replicate a lounge/bar setting. The group who was placed in the “alcohol familiar environment did not arrive until that evening to be tested. While the unfamiliar, “alcohol unexpected” environment participants arrived to an office-life environment during the day.
The subjects who consumed alcohol in the “alcohol expected environment preformed significantly bette...
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... the participant too corporate after they begin to become intoxicated. I am only expecting 3/5 of the original participants to actually complete all three parts of each of our experimental tests. If my prediction, that environmental cues are an important stimulus influencing the alcohol tolerance of the participants it will support the compensatory response model. If my results do not support the compensatory response model I will have to reevaluate my experiment and look for any outside factors nnot accounted for that could have had influenced my results.
I hope the results of our experiment will help to educate fellow students on the importance of environmental cues and alcohol tolerance. If individuals feel well enough to get behind the wheel and drive while inside the bar they need to take a moment away from the bar like environment and reevaluate themselves.
The facts are plain and simple, that alcohol and driving do not mix. About three in every ten Americans will be involved in an alcohol related crash at some time in their lives. Every single injury and death caused by drunk driving is totally preventable. To curb this national travesty, concerned Americans need to examine the problems, the effects, and the solutions to drunk driving. First of all, America has had a problem with drunk driving since Ford perfected the assembly line. Alcoholism is a problem in and of itself, but combined with driving can have a wide range of effects. The consequences of this reckless behavior can include a first time DUI or licenses suspension; a small fender bender, or worst of all a deadly crash. Most drivers that have only one or two drinks feel fine, and assume they are in control, which is irresponsible and dangerous. Alcohol is a depressant that slows down the body's ability to react and impairs judgment. To drive well, you need to be able to have a quick reaction time to avoid accidents. Unfortunately, people continue to drink and drive. However,...
The term alcoholic is commonly used to refer to a person who is severely dependent on alcohol as a result of their drinking pattern. Not everyone with an alcohol problem becomes an alcoholic. If this is true then what differentiates the social drinker from the alcoholic? A novice explanation would be that social drinkers do not experience problems when they drink, h...
Drunk driving has been an increasing problem for many years. One issue that contributes to this is that in the United States it is actually legal to drive with a certain alcohol percentage. The blood alcohol limit is 0.8 percent (Drunk Driving). This means that a person may drive legally as long as they have a blood alcohol percentage of 0.8 percent or under. However, even at a percentage of 0.3 there may be some impairment of alertness and concentration (Drunk Driving). Driving requires fast reflexes that may be impaired at a 0.5 percent blood alcohol level but a person with this level of intoxication is not legally drinking and driving. Many people are arrested for drunk driving. In 2009, more than 1.4 million drivers were arrested for driving while under the influence (Drunk Driving). In addition, “an average drunk driver has driven drunk 80 times before their first arrest” (Get Involved). Therefore, there were a minimum of 112 million accounts of drunk driving in 2009 alone. Drunk drivers also cause an increasing number of deaths. Drunk drivers in the United States c...
Stage 3: After Conditioning. Now the conditioned stimulus (CS) has been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (US) to create a new conditioned response (CR).” (McLoed. 2008)
It is a tragic truth: About 10,000 lives are lost in the United States because of drunk driving each year. Alcohol is wildly known as one of the main reasons of causing social security issue. Small amount can make people feel relaxed, but bigger amount could make them loss their coordination, get feeling of confusion and disorientation, and significantly slowed their reaction time. On average, one person dies every hour because of alcoholic traffic accident in United State. Therefore, the NTSB put out a recommendation last May that the legal blood alcohol content (BAC) level for drivers should be lowered from the current level of .08% to .05%. But for several reasons, we shouldn’t lower the criterion on blood alcohol content.
Drunk driving is an issue that effects many people across our nation. People do not realize the affects alcohol can have on the body and mind that slow decision making while driving. This issue begins in the home. Children see their parents, or other adults figures, have a beer or a cocktail and get in the car. Thus, making it seem like it is acceptable to drink and drive. “One in three people will be involved in an alcohol-related crash in their lifetime” (MADD).
Classical Conditioning was a phenomenon that a man named Ivan Pavlov explored in the twentieth-century. His work laid the foundation for many other psychologists such as John Watson. Pavlov’s idea came when he seized on an incidental observation. He noticed putting food in a dogs mouth caused salvation. However, the dog not only salivated to the food it began to also salivate to mere sight of the food, or the food dish. He began experimenting; first he slid the food presented the food by sliding the food bowl and blowing meat powder into the dogs mouth at the same exact moment. They paired it with a neutral stimuli event the dog could see but did not associate it with food (Myers, 2014, p.256). Food in the mouth automatically, unconditionally triggers the salivary reflex. Pavlov called drooling the unconditioned response and the food the unconditioned stimulus. Salvation in response to a tone is learned, it is conditioned upon the dogs associating the tone with the food it is called conditioned response (Myers, 2014, p.256). The stimulus that used to be neutral is the conditioned stimulus. I found it interesting and relating to everyday life because my dog often does the same. We keep his food in the garage so opening the garage door would be the conditioned stimulus. As soon as the garage door opens my dog begins to salivate which is the conditioned response. Whereas,
Ivan Pavlov developed a theory called classical conditioning which proposes that learning process occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex like associating the food with the bell in Pavlov experiment. In classical conditioning, behavior is learnt by association where a stimulus that was originally neutral can become a trigger for substance use or cravings due to repeated associations between those stimuli and substance use (Pavlov, 1927).
Behavioral tolerance will occur; the response rate of the rats before and during the drug insult will produce more frequent reinforcement (more adaptive behavior) than after abstinence is introduced.
When a person first uses drugs, it is voluntary. After repeated use the user has becomes conditioned to keep using. The reason this happens is because drugs effect the brain’s reward center by filling it with dopamine. This makes the user feel pleasure by using which then makes the user want to keep using. When comparing this to classical conditioning the Neutral stimuli would be the environmental stimuli associated with drug administration, the unconditioned stimulus would be drugs effect on the brain, and the unconditioned response would be the reward received by doing drugs. After repeated use the conditioned response is now the environmental stimuli associated with drug use and the conditioned response is the reward received by doing drugs. Like with Pavlov’s dogs’ triggers response to the lab assistant and bell, Addicts can have triggers as well. Certain smalls, locations and situations can trigger and addict to use. For example, every day from work an addict sits down on their back porch and smoke a marijuana cigarette. The back porch would then become a trigger. So, every time the addict sits on their porch they then crave the marijuana cigarette. When someone is clean or sober, these triggers can lead to
I. Introduction of classical conditioning Classical conditioning also called as Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning. It is a kind of learning a new behavior through association that when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) and evokes a conditioned response (CR). It also is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus (Cherry, 2014). Classical conditioning has much strength such as can help to explain all aspects of human behavior and many of advertisers will use classical conditioning to advertise their produces, however it also have some weaknesses such as all classical conditioning responses must involve a reflex and classical conditioning is a completely physical process, learning is not important as reflected in scenario. This paper will talk about the strengths and the weaknesses of classical conditioning theory followed by a brief description of the scenario and the strengths and weaknesses of applying classical conditioning on it.
...-report on alcohol use which may have been inaccurate due to participants recalling their current views. Another aspect which hindered a conclusion was an ‘absence of a measure of binge drinking overtime’. However they do include information on how future studies in this area can be improved such as including other contextual and intraindividual factors.
Consumption of different amounts of alcohol would have interfered with the brain communication pathways thus affecting the way the brain works hence giving different results among the participants depending on their level of alcohol consumption. This is because the participants who could have consumed more alcohol would have some challenges in thinking clearly and affect their brain coordination. The possibility was that in would make the participants think unclearly and unable to move with their coordination. It is also possible that other correlated variables account for the relationship between subjective intoxication and need and mood levels. However, the research regarded this as unlikely because the effects of subjective intoxication differed based on the ostracism condition, to which the participants were randomly assigned (Bastian & Haslam2010). Also, the analysis adopted controlled for a broad range of variables that could plausibly explain relationships between alcohol consumption and general well-being among the individuals. However, the research acknowledges, that any list of control variables will necessarily be non-exhaustive. Since this study did not control for social anxiety or need to belong: Two individual differences that are related to drinking behavior have sharply implications in the
Studies have shown that those who are abusing alcohol are 16-39% of a population that also meet the criteria for social anxiety (Chambless and Cherney and Caouto and Rjeinstein, 1987). Social anxiety is the fear of being evaluated negatively as well as observed by others (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Social anxiety has been stated as the single most prevalent diagnosed psychological disorder that effects up to 13% of the population (Book and Randall,
Many people in the United States enjoy a drink of their favorite alcoholic beverage. It could be a nice ice cold beer after a hard day of work or going to the bar and enjoying a few shots or mixed drinks with friends. Drinking alcohol is a common way to mingle with friends and take the edge off a difficult day. However, there are dangers involved with alcohol since it does dampen the body’s ability to cope with new information. Alcohol becomes a poison to the body when consumed in large quantities. The biggest danger is not to the driver after they become inebriated, but comes to anyone the drunk driver comes in contact with. A sober person can be dangerous just by being distracted, but a drunk driver’s ability to cope with changing situations and distractions is one of the biggest hazards on today’s roads. Some individuals believe that they are not as impaired as what they are led to believe from government ads and the many videos that show what can happen to someone who is drinking and driving. Although, there are many policies in place to advocate against drunk driving, there are those who would endanger themselves and others with their thoughtless actions when they jump into the driver’s seat of a vehicle. Drinking and driving should never be combined because a person who has been drinking does not have the ability to use all mental faculties unimpaired, many people have been killed, injured, or psychologically hurt by a drunk driver, many men and women do not know the difference weight and gender have on the body’s ability to process alcohol, and the financial and legal trouble that is awaiting for those convicted by a DUI.