Neural Network
Neural Network, highly interconnected network of information-processing elements that mimics the connectivity and functioning of the human brain.
Neural networks are a form of multiprocessor computer system, with
· Simple processing elements
· A high degree of interconnection
· Simple scalar messages
· Adaptive interaction between elements
Where can neural network systems help?
· Where we can't formulate an algorithmic solution.
· Where we can get lots of examples of the behavior we require.
· Where we need to pick out the structure from existing data.
Neural networks address problems that are often difficult for traditional computers to solve, such as speech and pattern recognition. They also provide some insight into the way the human brain works. One of the most significant strengths of neural networks is their ability to learn from a limited set of examples Neural networks have been applied to many problems since they were first introduced, including pattern recognition, handwritten character recognition, speech recognition, financial and economic modeling, and next-generation computing models.
HOW A NEURAL NETWORK WORKS ?
Neural networks fall into two categories: artificial neural networks and biological neural networks. Artificial neural networks are modeled on the structure and functioning of biological neural networks. The most familiar biological neural network is the human brain. The human brain is composed of approximately 100 billion nerve cells called neurons that are massively interconnected. Typical neurons in the human brain are connected to on the order of 10,000 other neurons, with some types of neurons having more than 200,000 connections. The extensive number of neurons and their high degree of interconnectedness are part of the reason that the brains of living creatures are capable of making a vast number of calculations in a short amount of time. See also Neurophysiology.
Artificial Neural Network Architecture
The architecture of a neural network is the specific arrangement and connections of the neurons that make up the network. One of the most common neural network architectures has three layers. The first layer is called the input layer and is the only layer exposed to external signals. The input layer transmits signals to the neurons in the next layer, which is called a hidden layer. The hidden layer extracts relevant features or patterns from the received signals. Those features or patterns that are considered important are then directed to the output layer, the final layer of the network. Sophisticated neural networks may have several hidden layers, feedback loops, and time-delay elements, which are designed to make the network as efficient as possible in discriminating relevant features or patterns from the input layer.
The advent of neural net with the seminal work of Hopfield , popularized the use of machine intelligence techniques in the pattern recognition. However, the dense and inherent structure of neural networks is not suitable for VLSI implementation. So, researchers in the neural network domain tried to simplify the structure of the neural network by pruning unnecessary connections. Simultaneously, the CA research community explored the advantages of the sparse network structure of cellular automata for relevant applications. The hybridization of cellularity and neural network has given rise to the popular concept of cellular neural networks.
The number of synaptic inputs recieved by each nerve cell in our (human) nervous system varies from 1-100,000! This wide range reflects the fundamental purpose of nerve cells, to integrate info from other neurons.
The Nervous System is the pivotal system of the human body. Everything that goes on in the body is regulated by the nerves of the Nervous System. The nervous system has a few basic building blocks that make it in its entirety. Nerve cells are comprised of a few parts that are vital in their acceptance and sending of stimuli. Close to the body of the cells are small branch like projection called dendrites. Dendrites are the receptors on the cells that take in stimuli sent from the previous cell. Next is the nucleus of the cell situated in the center of the cell body. From the dendrites, the stimuli travel along a long tail like projections of cell called the axon. At the end of the axon there are small branches with bulbs on the end called axon terminal in which the stimuli are sent into a space between cells called the synapse in which the dendrites of another cell picks up and the cycle begins again.
Kandel, E. R., J. H. Schwarz, and T. M. Jessel. Principles of Neural Science. 3rd ed. Elsevier. New York: 1991.
"My name is Dorothy," said the girl, "and I am going to the Emerald City, to ask the Oz to send me back to Kansas."
Biology The brain consists of both neurons and glia cells. The neurons, which are cells housed in a cell body called a Soma, have branches which extend from them, referred to as dendrites. From these dendrites extend axons which send and receive impulses, ending at junction points called synapses. It is at these synapse points that the transfer of information takes place. At the heart of neuroplasticity is the idea of synaptic pruning.
This paper involves how the brain and neurons works. The target is to display the brain and neurons behavior by sending signals. The nervous system that sends it like a text message. This becomes clear on how we exam in the brain. The techniques show how the brain create in order for the nerves about 100 billion cells. Neurons in the brain may be the only fractions of an inch in length. How powerful the brain could be while controlling everything around in. When it’s sending it signals to different places, and the neurons have three types: afferent neurons, efferent neurons, and the interneurons. In humans we see the old part of emotions which we create memories plus our brain controls heart beating, and breathing. The cortex helps us do outside of the brain touch, feel, smell, and see. It’s also our human thinking cap which we plan our day or when we have to do something that particular day. Our neurons are like pin head. It’s important that we know how our brain and neurons play a big part in our body. There the one’s that control our motions, the way we see things. Each neuron has a job to communicate with other neurons by the brain working network among each cell. Neurons are almost like a forest where they sending chemical signals. Neurons link up but they don’t actually touch each other. The synapses separates there branches. They released 50 different neurons.
the millions of neurons that send and receive messages to and from all over the
The software structure begins in quantum physics; the branch of physics relating to the very small (protons, electrons etc.). It then transforms from quantum physics to nuclear physics which is the research is focused on understanding the matter composed of quarks and gluons, which makes up 99% of the mass of the universe. Next would be chemistry; the study of matter, and all matter is made up of atoms. It teaches about elements , atomic number and mass, isotopes, moles and compounds. Which then births organic biology; a molecule has a carbon backbone, with some hydrogen thrown in for good measure. Living creatures are made of various kinds of organic compounds. This leads us to biochemistry; the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. While moving forward the chemistry is no longer needed, leaving you with biology; the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. Which brings you into Neurology; the branch of medicine or biology that deals with the anatomy, functions, and organic disorders of nerves and the nervous system. The root word of neurology is neuro- which means relating to nerve. Nerves are bundles of fiber that transmits impulses of sensation- perception or awareness of stimuli through the senses.-to the brain and spinal cord; this is where consciousness begins. Having of
There have been a variety of neural network models developed by researchers of different backgrounds, from different point of view and with different aims and applications. However, neural networks are emulation of biological neural systems. With such an emulation it is hoped that some brain abilities, such as generalization, and attention focusing, can be simulated. The neural network can be defined in many ways. From the structural point of view, a neural network can be defined as a directed network (or graph) with ...
The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of approximately 100 billion linked neurons, furthermore, it can be categorised into two major divisio...
Imagine asking your computer to do something in the same way you would ask a friend to do it. Without having to memorize special commands that only it could understand. For computer scientists this has been an ambitious goal; that can further simplify computers. Artificial Intelligence, a system that can mimic human intelligence by performing task that usually only a human can do, usually has to use a form of natural language processing. Natural language processing, a sub-field of computer science and artificial intelligence, concerns the successfully interaction between a computer and a human. Currently one of the best examples of A.I.(Artificial Intelligence) is IBM 's Watson. A machine that gained popularity after appearing on the show
Neurons are the “building blocks” of the brain, just like cell phones are now a staple in building a great Thanksgiving dinner- the hostess might use hers to look up the perfect gravy recipe while the extended family might use theirs to navigate to the hostesses’ home. Like cellphones, neurons are also used to send messages- just like we do on thanksgiving: “where are you? Dinner’s at 1!”
The most basic elements of a neural network, the artificial neurons, are modeled after the neurons of the brain. The "real" neuron is composed of four parts: the dendrites, soma, axon, and the synapse. The dendrites receive input from other neuron's synapses, the soma processes the information received, the axon carries the action potential which fires the neuron when a threshold is breached, and the synapse is where the neuron sends its output, which are in the form of neurotransmitters, to the dendrites of other neurons. Each neuron in the human brain can connect with up to 200,000 other neurons. The power and processing of the human brain comes from multitude of these basic components and the many thousands of connections between them.
Humans can expand their knowledge to adapt the changing environment. To do that they must “learn”. Learning can be simply defined as the acquisition of knowledge or skills through study, experience, or being taught. Although learning is an easy task for most of the people, to acquire new knowledge or skills from data is too hard and complicated for machines. Moreover, the intelligence level of a machine is directly relevant to its learning capability. The study of machine learning tries to deal with this complicated task. In other words, machine learning is the branch of artificial intelligence that tries to find an answer to this question: how to make computer learn?