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Compare/ contrast classical and operant conditioning
Compare/ contrast classical and operant conditioning
Compare/ contrast classical and operant conditioning
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My mother passed away and my father and I are raising my seven year old sister. I never noticed that many things she would do would be considered classically and operantly conditioned.
The first thing I noticed was that after coming home eating a snack, and talking to me for a bit. She would start to do her homework, the minute she was done she wanted a sticker on her sticker chart. At the end of the week if she had twenty stickers she would get a reward. She was operantly conditioned to do her homework when she got home resulting in a appetitive reinforcement, to strengthen the behavior.
I remember that taking away something good, would in turn make a bad behavior diminish. If my father didn't like what my sister did, he would take away going to friends houses,watching tv, or take away a sticker from the sticker chart. This appetitive punishment made the bad behavior weaken. I never realized taking away something good to weaken a behavior would be considered operant conditioning.
My father will make normally make us hot breakfast in the morning to get me and my sister up. I reme...
Operant conditioning is a type of learning in that an act is strengthened when followed by an incentive, whereas a behavior will be enfeeble when followed by a punishment. Operant conditioning is based on a simple theory that behavior is directly correlated by the consequences that follow it. Operant conditioning is broken into two parts of schedules of reinforcement: continuous and partial. Continuous schedules of reinforcement mean that every time a behavior is presented there is some kind of reinforcement that follows it. On the other hand, partial schedules of reinforcement occasionally provide some form of reinforcement
“Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior” (Cherry). Positive reinforcement which is praising a person for doing something good verses negative reinforcement which is an unpleasant remark a punishment. B.F. Skinner did an experiment on a rat, the rat was taught to push two buttons, one to receive food and the other was a light electric shock. The rat tried both buttons and realized which button was good and which one was bad. This experiment goes to show that upon the rewards and punishment system one can learn their rights from their wrongs through a series of lessons. Kincaid and Hemingway both use operant conditioning to show human behavior under stimulus control.
In Psychology there are many different learning styles. One of the more famous learning styles is operant conditioning. In operant conditioning there are two major concepts; reinforcement and punishment. By using these two concepts, behaviors can be encouraged or reduce a certain behavior. Next would be the different schedules of reinforcement that effect how often a behavior is likely to continue. Lastly the article goes on to state how behaviors can be shaped using these and other various methods.
Research will be conducted using different and consistent commands for each behavioral modification. Commands will be given by one of two test instructors. Treats and praise will be provided to Penny at the onset of the command to encourage a learned behavior through classical conditioning. As time progresses and Penny’s behavior modifies, treats will be lessened and praise continued to encourage the positive
Classical conditioning founder, Ivan Pavlov defined this theory as how we learn new responses as a result of two stimuli (Ormrod, 298:2006). To my understanding, this conditioning refers to a situation whereby one stimuli is used to respond to another stimuli. For instance, a child is given a math test to complete within a short time frame. However, the child failed to complete the task given as he/ she was unable to do it. Therefore, the child starts to dislike maths just because of the one incomplete task. Students are not born with the fear of exam or a subject, however the anxiety can be developed from the relation with the previous negative experience (Chalmers and Hunt, 3: 2012). This condition is also referred to classical conditioning of emotional responses whereby the environment defines behaviour and takes on to the mental states such as emotions, thoughts and feelings into consideration.
2-) In classical conditioning, there is an association between stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus resulting in a learned response. An example of operant conditioning would be if a fear response was conditioned in your roommate. Initially, your roommate would eat on their bed, leave bits, never clean and never make their bed. Suppose roaches and flies got onto their bed and once that happened, your roommate became fearful of bugs and insects and started cleaning and making their bed.
Operant conditioning is a way of learning in which behaviors are modified with consequences. B.F. Skinner, a psychologist known as the father of operant conditioning theorized that when observable behaviors are shadowed with a reinforcement the behavior is more likely to occur as where if the behavior is shadowed with a punishment the behavior will less likely occur. ("Basic Principles of Operant Conditioning: Skinner - Boundless Open Textbook", 2016) “Behavior which is reinforced tends to be repeated (i.e. strengthened); behavior which is not reinforced tends to die out-or be extinguished (i.e. weakened).” (Mcleod, 2015).
First of all, I was highly interested in the concept and various factors that together make up positive reinforcement. I had a premise that I could do some experimental work on the three children for whom I baby-sit during the week after school. They leave school full of energy and it is my job to get them to complete a series of tasks before the end of the evening. I imagined that some positive reinforcement might get them on their way to handling their responsibilities in a timelier manner. My first step was to come up with a specific instrumental response that would produce reinforcement. This took no time at all because by far the most painfully difficult thing for me to do is get the children to sit down and do their homework. I then spoke specifically to each child and asked them what they would rather choose as an after school activity. They named video games, television, and going to play with other neighborhood children. I had expected these types of answers from the children and made them into the positive reinforcers that would be contingent on the children’s performance of the instrumental response; namely completing their homework. I explained to the children that if they behaved and finished their homework, then directly following they could spend an hour doing an activity of their choice.
Classical conditioning is a learning process with two stimulus and one stimulus is eventually changed by an outside source. Operant Conditioning is getting a person to behave the way you want them to. The difference between operant and classical conditioning is that classical conditioning is an unconscious pairing, but operant conditioning is a choice.
Operant conditioning is a process in which behavior is modified by its consequences (Powell, Honey, & Symbaluk, 2013). In operant conditioning, learning is produced through rewards and punishments. Reoccurrence of a behavior is determined if rewards or punishments follow the behavior. There are four consequences produced by operant conditioning: positive and negative reinforcement; positive and negative punishment. A reinforcement is classified as something that increases behavior; A punishment is classified as something that decreases behavior. The addition of a stimulus is what makes a consequence positive and on the other hand, the removal of a stimulus is what makes a consequence negative (Powell et al., 2013).
Psychology has two different kinds of conditioning, operant and classical. In this experiment, operant condition in the focal point. Operant conditioning is the a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher (Meyers, 2014). There are two kinds of reinforcement and punishment, positive and negative. Positive reinforcement is to add a desirable stimulus when the desired response is given, whereas negative reinforcement is to take away an aversive stimulus when the desired response is made (Meyers, 2014). An example of positive reinforcement is to give dessert to a child that finishes their vegetables. An example of negative reinforcement is the annoying dinging sound cars make until seatbelts are fastened; the annoying sound goes away when the desired behavior (buckling the seatbelt) is performed. Positive punishment is to administer an adverse stimulus, and negative punishment is the withdrawal of a rewarding stimulus when an undesired response is made (Meyers, 2014). An example of positive punishment is receiving a ticket for speeding and a negative punishment is to take away a driving privileges for people with traffic violations or
Classical conditioning is one the most famous types of learning. Classical Conditioning, was discovered accidentally by Ivan Pavlov. Classical conditioning involves learning a new behavior via the process of association However, some suggest “the implications of classical conditioning in the classroom are less important than those of operant conditioning, but there is a still need for teachers to try to make sure that students associate positive emotional experiences with learning”(McLeod, 2014). Nonetheless, classical conditioning influences the way millions of children are taught across the globe. Personal observations throughout life can lead people to view and comprehend the usage of classical conditioning in several different ways.
Classical conditioning is the learning by association between two stimuli. This process was proposed by John Watson (based off Pavlov’s observations with his dogs). Watson proposed that all aspects of human psychology are patterns of a stimulus and a response. In the beginning stage of classical conditioning an unconditioned or an unlearned behavior produces an unconditioned response. For example, when I contracted food poisoning after eating at a restaurant I displayed classical conditioning. When I acquired food poisoning (unconditioned stimulus), I experienced nausea (an unconditioned response). During conditioning a neutral stimulus, that before would create no response, is associated with the unconditioned stimulus. With my example, it
Operant conditioning is a process by which the subject learns due to the consequences of their actions, whether those consequences are negative or positive. The subject displays a specific type of behaviour and the reaction shown towards that behaviour, determines if they are likely to continue to display this type of behaviour, which would happen if positive reinforcement is shown, or if they are unlikely to repeat this type of behaviour, if punishment occurs. Specific tasks can also be encouraged or taught this way through the process of shaping, allowing the subject to learn tasks much more quickly and easily. This type of result was first revealed by Edward L. Thorndike (1898) when he proposed the law of effect. Studies on this topic were
In operant conditioning, there is an association between an individual’s behavior and its consequence. A consequence can either be reinforcement or punishment (233). Positive and negative reinforcements will increase the behavior. When an individual is reinforced, they will continue to repeat the behavior to receive the reinforcement again. Punishment, on the other hand, will decrease the behavior. If an individual is punished after a particular behavior, they will behave that way less often to avoid the punishment.