MOTOROLA 68060 - PERFECT SOLUTION FOR NETWORKING AND EMBEDDED SYSTEM Introduction: What is the heart of a computer system? Of course, that is the CPU. In general, CPU is composed from a microprocessor that controls all the operations of the system. In the IT market today, there are many kinds of microprocessors available to build the CPU, such as Intel, AMD, Cyric, Alpha each of them has its own advantages and is used for separated purposes. In this document, I'd like to discuss about a high performance microprocessor, the newest Motorola's 32-bit microprocessor MC68060, which is widely used in networking technology and embedded systems. Section 1 will introduce an overview about the architecture of this microprocessor and its functional blocks. The processing states of the microprocessor are described in section 2. Section 3 refers briefly to programming model - data registers, data format. For instruction set list, please refer to the source of information at the end of this document. 1. Microprocessor architecture: Motorola microprocessor has several main functional blocks: the execution unit, memory units, and bus controller, as we can see in the figure below: a) The Execution Unit: consisted of Instruction Fetch Unit, Integer Unit and Floating Point Unit. Instruction Fetch Unit is the unit that the microprocessor fetches the next instruction to be executed in. This unit establishes and manages the pipeline mechanism, which allows 4-stage pipelining of instructions: Instruction Address Calculation (IAG), Instruction Fetch (IC), Early Decode (IED), and Instruction Buffer. This smooth fetching keep the CPU always busy and bring the greatest performance. MC68060 uses branch cache to let the instruction fetch pipeline notice about the branch instructions such as jmp or procedures, and change the instruction stream timely. Integer Unit carried out logical and arithmetic operations. This unit also uses dual pipeline mechanism with superscalar design that allows the microprocessor do three instructions simultaneously in each clock cycle. The pipeline in Integer Unit has 6 stages that are decode (DS), Effective Address Calculation (AG), Effective Address Fetch (OC), Integer Execution (EX), Data Available (DA), write back (WB). Floating Point Number, with its different format, is processed in Floating Point Unit (FPU). FPU operates in parallel with integer unit. b) Memory Unit: includes Instruction Memory Unit and Data Memory Unit, each works independently from the other. Each of them has 8Kbyte cache, which is accessed by physical address, a cache controller and an ATC (Address Translation Cache). The 64-entry, 4 way, set-associative ATCs store recently used logical to physical address translation information as page descriptors for instruction and data accesses.
A double precision floating point value generally takes 64 bits of memory space and can denote values of dynamic range using floating point.
On average, the processor spends 56%, 73%, 83% and 71% of the run time in P1-C1-P3-C1 states for SYSmark 3D Modeling, E-Learning, Office Productivity and Video Creation and on an average, it spends 73%, 81%, 90% and 84% of run time in P1-P3 states respectively. As we discussed in the earlier section that the process technology T1 that exhibits lower Pleak at lower VDD and Fmax ranges will lead lower total power consumption in exchange for higher Pleak at Fmax > FmaxTDP that can rarely happen for processors running multiple applications
The ISA bus, used in 386 and 486 systems, consists of 24 address lines and 16 data lines to transmit data within a computer system. PCI bus a 32-bit bus developed by Intel to extend the local bus of a CPU, and retains the ability to extend 64-bit processors as well, but only transmits at half-duplex. AGP a bus specifically designed for video cardo cards to transfer data from the CPU to video display output devices, however currently replaced by PCI Express in modern day computers. PCI Express bus architecture provides bidirectional transmission of data, allowing data transference and reception of data simultaneously on platform faster than PCI bus. IEEE 1394 bus a high-speed bus that uses serial technology to daisy chain devices, but only can transmit data for short limited distances.
The table above shows what this ordering of instructions may look like in action. Over 8 instruction steps, the operations required by Process0 and Process1 are fully completed by sharing the single CPU resource efficiently. Normally, modern desktop computers are capable of
This report presents the implementation of a Clock element and the use of the seven segment display on the Altera DE2-115 board. This experimentation with the clock and display are valuable since they are a precursor to future labs to come. In order to make these items work it required the use or Verilog code, which was given for parts 1, 2, and 3.
OMPARE AND CONTRAST REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTER (RISC) WITH THE COMPLEX INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTER (CISC) [20]
Intel Corporation. (n.d.). Dual-Core Intel® Xeon® Processors LV and ULV for embeded computing. Retrieved May 23, 2010, from Intel Corporation Web site: http://download.intel.com/design/intarch/prodbref/31578602.pdf
According to the dictionary, Memory is defined as a device that is used to store data or programs (sequences of instructions) on a temporary or permanent basis for use in an electronic digital computer. Computers represent information in binary code, written as sequences of 0s and 1s. Each binary digit (or "bit") may be stored by any physical system that can be in either of two stable states, to represent 0 and 1. Such a system is called bistable. This could be an on-off switch, an electrical capacitor that can store or lose a charge, a magnet with its polarity up or down, or a surface that can have a pit or not. Today capacitors and transistors, functioning as tiny electrical switches, are used for temporary storage, and either disks or tape with a magnetic coating, or plastic discs with patterns of pits are used for long-term storage.(Dictionary.com 20014)
We have the microprocessor to thank for all of our consumer electronic devices, because without them, our devices would be much larger. Microprocessors are the feat of generations of research and development. Microprocessors were invented in 1972 by Intel Corporation and have made it so that computers could shrink to the sizes we know today. Before, computers took a room because the transistors or vacuum tubes were individual components. Microprocessors unified the technology on one chip while reducing the costs. Microprocessor technology has been the most important revolution in the computer industry in the past forty years, as microprocessors have allowed our consumer electronics to exist.
...ual core processor that has two separate cores on the same processor, each with its own cache. It essentially is two microprocessors in one. In a dual core processor, each core handles arriving data strings simultaneously to improve efficiency.
Computers are very complex and have many different uses. This makes for a very complex system of parts that work together to do what the user wants from the computer. The purpose of this paper is to explain a few main components of the computer. The components covered are going to be system units, Motherboards, Central Processing Units, and Memory. Many people are not familiar with these terms and their meaning. These components are commonly mistaken for one and other.
It’s prime role is to process data with speed once it has received instruction. A microprocessor is generally advertised by the speed of the microprocessor in gigahertz. Some of the most popular chips are known as the Pentium or Intel-Core. When purchasing a computer, the microprocessor is one of the main essentials to review before selecting your computer. The faster the microprocessor, the faster your data will process, when navigating through the software.
Microprocessors are different to one another according to the manufacturer and technical specifications. The most important technical specifications of microprocessor are the type and processing speed. The type of microprocessor is defined by the internal structure and basic features .The microprocessors communicate with the rest of the system by means of buses. Buses are sets of parallel electronic conductors set of wires or tracks on the circuit board.
In designing a computer system, architects consider five major elements that make up the system's hardware: the arithmetic/logic unit, control unit, memory, input, and output. The arithmetic/logic unit performs arithmetic and compares numerical values. The control unit directs the operation of the computer by taking the user instructions and transforming them into electrical signals that the computer's circuitry can understand. The combination of the arithmetic/logic unit and the control unit is called the central processing unit (CPU). The memory stores instructions and data.
The computer has progressed in many ways, but the most important improvement is the speed and operating capabilities. It was only around 6 years ago when a 386 DX2 processor was the fastest and most powerful CPU in the market. This processor could do a plethora of small tasks and still not be working to hard. Around 2-3 years ago, the Pentium came out, paving the way for new and faster computers. Intel was the most proficient in this area and came out with a range of processors from 66 MHz-166 Mhz. These processors are also now starting to become obsolete. Todays computers come equipped with 400-600 Mhz processors that can multi-task at an alarming rate. Intel has just started the release phase of it’s new Pentium III-800MHz processor. Glenn Henry is