The acid compound, which contain a carboxylic group is altered chemically when an aqueous sodium hydroxide, a strong base, is added to the mixture to change its distribution between a pair of solvent, methylene chloride and water. This reaction produce a salt, which contain a Na+ in its chemical structure that is soluble in water but not in our organic solvent, methylene chloride. Also this reaction will yield water, which is immiscible with most organic solvent. The salt will be soluble in water and the neutral compound will be mixed with methylene
Triphenylmethyl Bromide. A 400 mL beaker was filled with hot water from the tap. Acetic acid (4 mL) and solid triphenylmethanol (0.199 g, 0.764 mmol) were added to a reaction tube, with 33% hydrobromic acid solution (0.6 mL) being added dropwise via syringe. The compound in the tube then took on a light yellow color. The tube was then placed in the beaker and heated for 5 minutes. After the allotted time, the tube was removed from the hot water bath and allowed to cool to room temperature. In the meantime, an ice bath was made utilizing the 600 mL plastic beaker, which the tube was then placed in for 10 minutes. The compound was then vacuum filtered with the crystals rinsed with water and a small amount of hexane. The crude product was then weighed and recrystallized with hexane to form fine white crystals, which was triphenylmethyl bromide (0.105 g, 0.325 mmol, 42.5%). A Beilstein test was conducted, and the crystals produced a green to greenish-blue flame.
The weight of the final product was 0.979 grams. A nucleophile is an atom or molecule that wants to donate a pair of electrons. An electrophile is an atom or molecule that wants to accept a pair of electrons. In this reaction, the carboxylic acid (m-Toluic acid), is converted into an acyl chlorosulfite intermediate. The chlorosulfite intermediate reacts with a HCL. This yields an acid chloride (m-Toluyl chloride). Then diethylamine reacts with the acid chloride and this yields N,N-Diethyl-m-Toluamide.
Methionine represents the first limiting amino acid in broiler nutrition, thus different sources are available to balance diets based of corn and soybean. Bioavailability is different for each methionine source because of its rate of absorption and metabolic pathways. A broiler experiment was conducted to determine the relative bioavailability of Hydroxyl Methyl Analog Calcium (HMA-Ca) relative to DL-Methionine(DL-Met). The experiment was conducted at at Lavinesp (Unesp, Jaboticabal). It was used 1890 male broiler Cobb 500 of 21 days old, they were weighted and distributed homogeneously in a complete randomized design with 13 treatments and 7 replicates each. All birds fed either a basal diet deficient in sulphur amino acids, digestible methionine and cysteine (dig Met+Cys), or the basal diet with four levels of HMA-Ca (0.063, 0.183, 0.302 and 0.540%) and DL-Met (0.054, 0.156, 0.259 and 0.463%) to achieve increasing levels of dig Met+Cys. For the analysis, 5% of significance was considered and procedures of non-linear model were used by SAS. Exponential regression determinates bioavailability of HMA-Ca relative to DL-Met by calculating the relation of the slope of HMA-Ca relative to DL-Met
Friedel-Crafts Acylation is a chemical reaction, and it is a type of electrophilic aromatic substitution. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution is a type of reaction that uses electrophile for aromatic ring from their substitution of one group of atoms. In other words, they can transfer acyl group to an aromatic ring. Friedel-Crafts has an acyl group that is attached to the structure that has aromatic ring. Acylation is used to give ketones. Carbonyl group makes electron to move back or move away in Friedel-Crafts Acylation, so it has not produced multiple acylations. Moreover, Lewis acid and acid anhydride are usually used in Friedel-Crafts Acylation. For example, the Friedel-Crafts Acylation of Benzene has a mechanism that the acyl halide reacts with the lewis acid, and
While the solution is being stirred, an air condenser is attached to the vial and 12.2 mg of NaBH4 is added in 3 portions through the condenser. The condenser is capped with a drying tube containing calcium chloride and cotton. After thirty minutes a TLC analysis is taken of the reaction to see how many compounds are present. Three compounds were identified on the TLC meaning that the reaction did not go to completion and the mixture was placed back on a hot plate to react further for ten minutes longer. The TLC showed the starting product 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone and the cis-/trans- forms of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol; the cis isomer is more polar and will appear above the trans
MTT assay was used to analyze cell viability of MCF 10A, MCF 7 and MDB-MB 231 cell lines in control and 10mM inorganic phosphate treated groups. MTT assay is a colorimetric assay for evaluating cell metabolic activity. MTT (3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) is a yellow aqueous tetrazolium dye. In living cells with active mitochondria, the mitochondrial enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (NADPH dependent oxidoreductase enzyme) reduce this dye to formazan, a purple-colored water-insoluble complex (Gomez et al., 1997). The intensity of absorption of the purple complex is read typically at 595nm using a spectrophotometer and is a direct measure of mitochondrial activity.
The isomerization procedure was done in order to create dimethyl fumarate from dimethyl maleate. Dimethyl maleate and dimethyl fumarate are cis and trans isomers, respectively. This procedure was done via a free radical mechanism using bromine. The analysis of carvones reaction was done in order to identify the smell and optical rotation of the carvone samples that were provided. The odor was determined by smelling the compound and the optical rotation was determined using a polarimeter.
Saturated sodium chloride solution, also known as brine solution, is used to wash the distillate mixture. The distillate mixture is the phosphoric acid the co-distilled with the product. The brine solution also removes most of the water from the 4-methylcyclohexane layer. When six drops of 4-methylcyclohexene were added with two
The experiment in this laboratory is to study pH and buffers. The pH is defined as the –log[H+] and measures the molar concentration of hydrogen ions. In the study of life, life can only be stabilized through a buffer. A buffer is a solution that is able to resist pH change and maintain the stability of everyday life. A buffer requires a weak acid and its conjugated base. When a solution such as an acid or base presents itself into the buffer solution, the buffer will neutralize the amount of acids or base added to the solution. As a result, pH maintains stabilization and cells are able to function properly. In this study experiment, sodium chloride is the tested solution. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is commonly known to many as salt. NaCl is tested
Benzyl bromide, an unknown nucleophile and sodium hydroxide was synthesized to form a benzyl ether product. This product was purified and analyzed to find the unknown in the compound.
In this, the amount of moles in the sodium hydroxide solution after it has been reacted with the aspirin is found using titration, and then compared with the amount of moles it had without the aspirin being added. The difference in moles is the number of moles of sodium hydroxide that reacted with the aspirin, and therefore the number of moles of
When benzoic acid paired with 1.0 M NaOH, it was observed that both compounds were soluble. Upon the addition of 6.0 M HCl into this solution, benzoic acid became insoluble. Benzoic acid was also insoluble in 1.0 M HCl. Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate was found to be insoluble in 1.0 M NaOH and soluble in 1.0 M HCl. But then, after adding 6.0 M NaOH into the test tube C (mixture of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate and 1.0 M HCl), a white powdery solid (undissolved compound) was formed. These demonstrate that both the acid and base became more soluble when they were ionized and less soluble when they were
Abstract: Using Ion Exchange Chromatography, cellulase was purified. After purification, it was analyzed using a DNS test. The purified protein did not respond to the DNS the way it was expected to.
The purpose and goal of this experiment is to separate a mixture of fluorene and 9-fluorenone through the method of column chromatography, and then determine the purity of the isolated compounds through thin-layer chromatography (TLC), as well as melting point analysis. Through column chromatography, gravity is utilized to move the solvent and compounds down the column, where the changes in the solvent polarity assists in eluting the desired compounds to separate fractions. Each fraction solvents can then be evaporated to obtain the compounds of interest. Through TLC, a thin layer of polar and hydrophilic silica gel on an inert sheet is used to spot the sample on the bottom of the sheet and is then developed in a jar of eluent, where through
The simplest experiment for this type of situation would be to use red and blue litmus paper to distinguish between acids, bases and salts. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) makes blue litmus paper change color going from blue to red, making it an acid. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) makes red litmus paper change color going from red to blue, making it a base. Sodium chloride solution (NaCl) is neutral, since it would only soak blue and red litmus paper, considering that it is a by product of when an acid and a base mix together, neutralizing each other.