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The concept of price elasticity of demand
Importance of price discrimination
Importance of price discrimination
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Recommended: The concept of price elasticity of demand
Elasticity is allows us to analyze supply and demand with greater precision. We use elasticity to measure of how much buyers and sellers respond to changes in market conditions. The factors changes such as price, income or the price of other goods.
First we will discuss about the Income Elasticity of Demand, (Yed). Elasticity of demand are used to measure the relationship between a change of quantity of demand for a particular goods and a change of consumer income. It is computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income. The formula we use to calculate income elasticity of demand as below:
Income Elasticity of Demand = % change in quantity demanded / % change in income.
Income of elasticity
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Perfect competition Is a market in which there are many buyers and sellers, the products are homogeneous and sellers can easily enter and exit from the market. Example restaurant business are counted as perfect competition because any people you can set up the restaurant easily if you have enough capital. The characteristic of perfect competition. They are free entry and exit into the market. For example, if you want to set up restaurant you can register with government and set up if you want to give up your shop you can just close it nobody will care about it. Next is perfect competition have a very large seller and buyer. Because of this the firm are the price taker. Because too many competitor so you have to follow the price other people sell then your customer will not run away to your competitor. In this market structure, everybody have the perfect knowledge about the market. All the seller and buyer know what happen to the market, how much this product sell in market and what new product have launch and other. Not only that, the firm can move their factory or office from A to …show more content…
In this price discrimination, the firm divided consumer into many submarket or subgroups. Every group that they divided out is the different market. They charge different price in this different market. The price charged on product depends on the price elasticity of demand. For example of third degree discrimination is in the cinema of the movie ticket. Cinema company charged the ticket in different price between adult and children. They charge more expensive to adult and cheap to children. Another example are transportation. Bus service charge the different price for adult and children. Some of the bus company also differentiate the worker and students. They give discount to student due to they don’t have income. Not only that, many of the Theme park they also charge the different price of the entry ticket between adult and
McGuigan, Moyer & Harris (2014) price elasticity of demand measured by the changes that affect at least one-factor price, advertising, promotion, packaging or income levels (p.64). However, my supervisor needs the elasticities for each independent variable using the regression equation above and adding values, P= 500, PX= 600, I= $5,500, A= $10,000, M=5,000. Adding the P, PX, I, A, and M value to the regression table: QD= - 5,200 – 42(500) + 20(600) + 5.2(5,500) + 0.20(10,000) + 0.25(5,000) = 17,650. McGuigan, Moyer & Harris (2014) describes the price elasticity of demand ratio of the percentage change in quantity demanded to the percentage change in price if all other factors of demand continue to be untouched (p.72).
Price discrimination can be defines as when a firm offers an “individual good at different prices to different consumers” The Library of Economics and Liberty elaborates on its pricing strategy, stating Comcast offers different pricing depending on what features the consumer desires. For instance, the cable company will charge a higher price to a person who uses several services as part of their cable package. Conversely, the firm charges a very low price to someone who would “otherwise not be interested” , providing basic services at a minimum price. It takes advantage of the regulation imposed on the cable industry by offering the required basic package at seemingly attractive prices. Using this pricing system allows for it to attract different consumers whose maximum price they are willing to pay differs. Recently, Comcast attempted a new billing strategy by introducing a data usage cap. It essentially expanded on the company’s existing price discrimination method by charging customers according to how much data they used each month. Comcast also utilizes penetration pricing, where it offers its product at low prices to attract new consumers, later raising the prices once the customer is subscribed for a certain amount of time. Generally it claims the original prices were promotional only, lasting only a small amount of
Even though, the only substitutes for gasoline are public transportation, which isn’t always accessible, or electric cars, which is still considered a recent technology. If you’re living in a suburb in Chicago with good public transportation, you could start using these options to get to your destination, this would reduce your demand for gas by a lot. Yet, if you live in a suburban area, you would be more reliant on a vehicle, and your demand for gas would become inelastic. The short and long term demands for goods and services can vary, and this affects elasticity. For example, if the person’s gas demand was inelastic in the short-term, this could eventually become elastic in the long term. This person could buy a car that has better mileage, or buy an electric car which doesn’t require gasoline. For most products, long-term demands happen to be more elastic than short-term demands. Since gasoline is with a finite supply, it would eventually run out in the long-term. Yet, in the short-term inelasticity tends to overcome compared to the long-term. If we all drove vehicles that could go 50 mpg or greater gasoline would still be
The law of demand states that if everything remains constant (ceteris paribus) when the price is high the lower the quantity demanded. A demand curve displays quantity demanded as the independent variable (the x-axis) and the price as the dependent variable (the y-axis). http://www.netmba.com/econ/micro/demand/curve/
There are four major market structures; perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. Perfect competition is the market structure in which there are many sellers and buyers, firms produce a homogeneous product, and there is free entry into and exit out of the industry (Amacher & Pate, 2013). A perfect competition is characterized by the fact that homogeneous products are being created. With this being the case consumers have no tendency to buy one product over the other, because they are all the same. Perfect competitions are also set up so that there is companies are free to enter and leave a market as they choose. They are allowed to do with without any type of restriction, from either the government or the other companies. This structure is purely theoretical, and represents and extreme end of the market structure. The opposite end of the market structure from perfect competition is monopoly.
Elasticity is one of the most important theories in economics and it is a measure of responsiveness (Baker, 2006)i. There are mainly two types of elasticity, the elasticity of demand which includes price elasticity of demand, income elasticity of demand, and cross elasticity of demand as well as elasticity of supply (McConnell, Brue, & Flynn, 2009)ii. The degree to which a demand or supply curve reacts to a change in price is the curve's elasticity (Lingham, 2009)iii. Elasticity varies among products because some products may be more essential to the consumer.
Elasticity is the responsiveness of demand or supply to the changes in prices or income. There are various formulas and guidelines to follow when trying to calculate these responses. For instance, when the percentage of change of the quantity demanded is greater then the percentage change in price, the demand is known to be price elastic. On the other hand, if the percentage change in demand is less than then the percentage change in price; Like that of demand, supply works in a similar way. When the percentage change of quantity supplied is greater than the percentage change in price, supply is know to be elastic. When the percentage change of quantity supplied is less then the percentage change in price, then the supply then demand is known to be price inelastic.
A perfectly competitive market is based on a model of perfect competition. For a market to fall under this model it must have a number of firms, homogeneous products, and easy exit and entry levels into the market (McTaggart, 1992).
Perfect competition, also known as, pure competition is defined as the situation prevailing in a market were buyers and sellers are so numerous and well informed that all elements of monopoly
All consumers should aware themselves of the factors involved with price elasticity and how the traits potentially impact their purchases and personal or commercial budgets. Commercial firms have the problem of managing price elasticity with their products and prices and governments have a constant problem of determining taxes from price elasticity. I used three examples to attempt solving how firms manage their products with price elasticity factoring with Proctor & Gamble, the oil, and airline industries. I used government examples of how the attempts to collect data to formulate their policies for taxation on elastic and inelastic products while also describing how the US Postal Service uses price elasticity to compete with corporate competition. Exposure to these factors of price elasticity will generate consumers’ awareness of firms and governments role to determine goods or services at a particular price.
In a perfectly competitive market, the goods are perfect substitutes. There are a large number of buyers and sellers, and each seller has a relatively small market share. Perfect competition has no barriers to information regarding prices and goods, meaning there is no risk-taking behaviour – sellers and buyers are rational. There is also a lack of barriers for entry and exit.
The major factors that determine demand of a particular product or service are a change in price, prices of related products, income, and so on. When there is a change in price this will cause a shift along the demand curve. Generally, when the price of a product increases, quantity demanded will fall due to a satisfaction decrease for consumers. For example, if the price of orange juice increases from $3 to $5, then its quantity demanded will likely fall. Consumers will switch to a cheaper brand, make their own, substitute to another drink choice, or wait for the price to drop again.
That is, it is sensitive to price change, and also to the quantity demanded. This means that if many people are consuming a good, the demand is greater than if less people are consuming the good. To further clarify, take the example of attending college. In an environment where most of an individual's peers are going to attend college, the individual will see college as the right thing to do, and also attend college to be like his peers. However, in an environment where most of an individual's peers are not going to attend college, the individual will have a decreased demand for college, and is unlikely to attend.
Perfect and monopolistic competition markets both share elasticity of demand in the long run. In both markets the consumer is aware of the price, if the price was to increase the demand for the product would decrease resulting in suppliers being unable to make a profit in the long run. Lastly, both markets are composed of firms seeking to maximise their profits. Profit maximization occurs when a firm produces goods to a high level so that the marginal cost of the production equates its marginal
Types of goods will help us determine whether demand for cars is elastic or inelastic. If a good is considered to be a luxury rather than a necessity, the greater is the price elasticity of demand (McConnell & Brue, 2004). Cars can be deemed as necessary due to a need for transportation. Other types of cars can be classified as luxury. A person who needs to be able to get from one place to another will have the need for a car. An old vehicle may suffice. In such a scenario, buying a brand new car is more likely to be a luxury rather than a necessity. If car prices go up, people are more inclined to just keep driving their old vehicles. In essence, the cars already on the road would serve as substitutes for new cars. However, over a longer period of time, old cars tend to wear out and the elasticity of demand for vehicles is less.