Maglev Research
Studies show that people are reluctant to abandon automobile use for trips of less than 100
miles, while planes are most efficient at trips of over 500 or 600 miles. The trips in between these
distances are those that will be best served by magnetic levitation (Maglev) transportation
systems. By replacing short, inefficient commuter flights between cities, maglev trains might
eventually link sections of the country, ease traffic congestion on the highways, and help alleviate
overcrowding at airports. Aside from its transportation benefits, a maglev system will create jobs
for a wide range of industries.
Magnetic levitation uses magnetic waves to suspend and propel vehicles along a guideway
similar to monorail guideways. To understand how this works we will go into a little physics. A
theorem devised by William Earnshaw proves that it is not possible to achieve static levitation
using any combination of fixed magnets and electric charges. Static levitation means stable
suspension of an object against gravity. There are however, a few ways to levitate by getting
around the assumptions of the theorem.
The proof of Earnshaw’s theorem is very simple if you understand some basic vector calculus.
The static force as a function of position F(x) acting on any body in vacuum due to gravitation,
electrostatic and magnostatic field will always be divergence’s. divF=0. At a point of equilibrium
the force is zero. If the equilibrium is stable the force must point in towards the point in towards
the point of equilibrium on some small sphere around the point. However, Gauss’ theorem, the
integral of the radial component of the force over the surface must be equal to the integral of the
diverg...
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Moynihans, Daniel Patrick, US Senator, New York. Scientific American - Letters to the Editor. February
1998. http://www.sciam.com/1998/0298issue/0298letters.html, pg. 1.
Argumentative view on previous article “ Maglev: Racing to Oblivion?”(Oct 97)
Electromagnetic Levitation and Suspension Systems
B.V. Jayawant, Publishers: Edward Arnold, London, 1981 Pg11
Examination of nature’s forces.
On the Nature of the Nature of the Molecular Forces Which Regulate the Constitution of the Luminferous
ether.
Earnshaw, W., Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc., 7, pp 97-112 (1842).
Free Suspension of Bodies in Electric and Magnetic Fields
Braunbeck, W. , Zeitschrift Fur Physik, 112, 11, pp 753-763 ( 1939).
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Many mass construction projects in the history of the United States have had a major impact on the economy and culture; however, not many of these have had as large as an impact as the Interstate Highway Act of 1956. The Interstate Highway Act revolutionized the way that we think about highways today. The act created an extremely easy mode of transportation for people across the country. Not only was the Interstate Highway Act extremely helpful in making rural and urban transportation for normal people, but it also helped commercial businesses in increasing sales across the country. These businesses were now able to transport their goods cheaper and faster. The Interstate Highway Act was tremendously beneficial in regards to its economic, social, and cultural significance. The legislation was significant economically in the way that it promoted business and cut travel costs, it was significant socially in the way that it allowed people to see friends and family even if they did not live close, and it was significant culturally in the way that it allowed people to move out to the country for low costs in order to live a happier life.
Acoustic levitation takes advantage of the properties of sound to cause solids,and liquids to float. The process can take place in normal or reduced gravity. To understand how acoustic levitation works, you first need to know a little about gravity, air and sound.
In this inquiry the relationship between force and mass was studied. This inquiry presents a question: when mass is increased is the force required to move it at a constant velocity increased, and how large will the increase be? It is obvious that more massive objects takes more force to move but the increase will be either linear or exponential. To hypothesize this point drawing from empirical data is necessary. When pulling an object on the ground it is discovered that to drag a four-kilogram object is not four times harder than dragging a two-kilogram object. I hypothesize that increasing the mass will increase the force needed to move the mass at a constant rate, these increases will have a liner relationship.
When I can drive a car, I can go to places where I would like to without many restrictions. For instance, I can take a yoga class that is outside of my school; I can drive to a part-time job; I can also go on a road trip with my friends. Especially when I am in college, driving seems to be necessary since the place is ginormous and the public transportation is not as convenient as cities like Boston. Without knowing how to drive, I will reduce my enthusiasm to do many of these activities because they are troublesome to get to. Even though I need to go to different places in one day, I do not feel restrained because I can rely on my personal schedule instead of worrying about to cause trouble for others.
An object remains at rest, or in motion, unless an external force acts upon it.
Automobiles play an essential role in American society. As if being the major means of transportation was not impressive enough, automotives can be seen on T.V., in movies, in magazines, and can sometimes be indicative of a person’s wealth and social status. On average, Americans drive nearly 40 miles and drive for just over 50 minutes driving per person per day (http://www.bts.gov). That means a person spends roughly one-sixteenth of a day driving. It would make sense, then, to make such an essential part of society as efficient, cost effective, and clean as possible. However, that is not the case. As the years have passed cars have actually begun to move away from efficiency. Hawken writes, “[The automobile] design process has made cars ever heavier, more complex, and usually costlier. These are all unmistakable signs that automaking has beco...
Bottle rockets are great models to examine Newton’s three laws of motion. The bottle rocket will remain on the ground until an unbalanced force, water, thrusts the rocket upward. This is defined by Newton’s first law of motion: an object at rest stays at rest or an object in motion, stays in motion (in the same direction/at the same speed) unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. It is also known as the law of inertia.
Levitation is the ability to suspend the laws of gravity that bind us to the earth. It has a lot to do with mind over matter. A person being able to clear his or her minds and think nice, good things enable them to do things that they have never done before. Sounds unheard of, but this has been researched, tested, and even observed by people and scientists from all over the world. Extreme mental concentration is all that is needed.
Here θ is the angle between the “tails” of the force and the differential displacement. The integration must account for the variation of the force’s direction and magnitude.
A free falling object is an object that is falling under the sole influence of gravity. Any object that is being acted upon only by the force of gravity is said to be in a state of free fall. There are two important motion characteristics that are true of free-falling objects:
Today, people use their own personal vehicles to travel more than ever before. Personal transportation is no longer considered a luxury; it is now considered a necessity. The number of cars in the United States has been growing steadily since the 1970s. The number of miles traveled by cars has risen nearly 150 percent, yet the United States population has only grown roughly 40 percent during that time (hybridcars.com, Driving Trends). Although it may seem like we are advancing into the future, in reality, we are moving backwards from the effects these vehicles have on our bodies and the environment. The pollution produced by these vehicles has brought us to the day where we must find other modes of transportation that cause less harm to the world in which we live. Advances in technology have developed hybrid vehicles to try and slow down the amount of pollution. Driving a hybrid vehicle, instead of a conventional gas powered vehicle, can reduce the amount of pollution that affects our lives and the environment around us.
The gravitational force of attraction between any two object or particles is directly proportional to the product of the masses of the two objects and is inversely or indirectly proportional to the square of the distance that exist between the particles. The direction of this force is along the line joining the two particles.
days of travel, so that the person driving the vehicle should not get tired or feel drowsy to drive
On the contrary, using private car is the same convenience of travelling as public transport. When people are in a hurry, they can suddenly go ev...
This unification of the conic sections under one expression simplifies the proof that an object, subject to a force which varies with the inverse square of the distance from the agent of that force (such as gravity or the electric force of attraction or repulsion), will follow a path which is one of the conic sections.