Local area networks (LANs).
DEFINITION
The concept of local area networks (LANs) is not new. It represents a
logical development of computer technology. With the advent of
microcomputers in the 1980s many office workers began bringing their
own disks into work, compromising data integrity. They also began
keeping their own databases, which companies did not like. The answer
was to create a computer network.
A computer network is a group of computers connected together enabling
users to share resources and communicate with each other. Resources
can be hardware, software, or data. Without a network, each employee
might require a dedicated printer connected to his workstation or
individual copies of application software loaded on his workstation. A
network will also allow dissimilar computers to communicate and share
resources. This means that an IBM PC can communicate with an Apple
Macintosh with ease.
There are three general types of networks: Local Area Networks (LANs),
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs), and Wide Area Networks (WANs). They
are described or classified by the area of coverage and by the method
of information exchange. A LAN encompasses two or more computers
connected by one or more types of medium (usually wire) located within
close proximity of each other. This distance is generally limited to 2
kilometers. A MAN is a network that connects two or more LANs. It is
basically a larger version of a LAN and it's distance is generally
limited to 50 kilometers. An Air Force base network is considered a
MAN. WANs link LANs or MANs by using long distance communication links
leased or purchased from telecommunication companies without any
distance limits. The Internet is a good example of a WAN.
There are also Wireless networks, which are not constrained by wire
and, therefore, can be used in places where it is difficult or
impossible to install wire. It is viable in such situations as
building to building connections or for setup of temporary LANs. This
technology involves using light or radio waves to replace the wire or
fiber optics as a transmission medium. Wireless systems that use light
have the advantage of high speed and high security but are susceptible
to obstructions such as rain, fog, dust, and of course, walls. Radio
frequency systems use low power spread spectrum transmission that, in
many ca...
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... communication between computers. Of course,
each computer needed it's own operating system. Enter MS-DOS. With the
release of Microsoft's MS-DOS 3.1 in late 1984, the concept of
accessing files on a remote server, simultaneously with other users
became a possibility. This, of course, led to the creation of a
network operating system, necessary to use any network. Novell
Netware, one of the most portable network operating systems, was the
first to take advantage of the new technology. What protocols are used
in a network is very important in selecting a network operating
system. The most commonly used protocols are TCP/IP and IPX/SPX.
Microsoft, of course, has it's own protocol, NETBeui, but this is a
non-routable protocol so it can only be used in LANs and not MANs or
WANs. Today, the most commonly used network operating systems are
Windows NT and 2000, as well as Sun Microsystems Solaris 8. There are
advantages and disadvantages to each, but they are too extensive to go
into detail. For the purpose of this paper we will consider them
equal.
Well, now we have all necessary hardware and software, so putting
together a network should be easy as pie, right? Right.
Alfred Adler was born in 1870. He published his first major psychology book, Understanding Human Nature, in 1959. Alder has a passionate concern for the common person and he was very outspoken about child-rearing practices, school reforms, and prejudices that resulted in conflict. Alder created 32 child guidance clinics in the Vienna public schools and began training teachers, social workers, physicians, and other professionals. Alder believes that where we are striving to go is more important than where we have come from. He saw humans as both the c...
Mr. Hertford missed the intangible aspect of integrative negotiation and believed winning contract should be a successful outcome. In fact it was other way round in this situation. TexasAgs are one of the largest and best known petrochemicals company There was no urgency to seal a deal with cousins as cousin do not yet have any competitative deal. TexasAgs could have utilized some of their strengths of quality supply and worldwide reputation to avoid extra few concessions, which were not accordance to industry norm. Both parties didn’t view the issues from a broad
Flannery O’Connor was a devout Christian writer who believed everyone was on some sort of quest. If a person was not on a quest, they had no control or order within their life whatsoever. O’Connor voices her opinion through the development of her characters. The majority of O’Connor’s characters are on a quest. According to O’Connor, there are three types of quests that every person should embark on. The three types of quests are, a quest for God, a quest for self-knowledge, and a quest for better relationships with others. If a character in one of her short stories is not on a quest, he/she meets a very gruesome and violent demise because of their lack of order and control in their life. “A Good Man is Hard to Find,” a short story by O’Conner, written in 1953, demonstrates the beliefs O’Connor made known to her readers pertaining quests in life. The short story, “A Good Man,” tells the story of a family of six who set out on an out-of-state trip; as they were making their way out of town, the family is in an accident and is left stranded in a dark highway. They encounter “the Misfit...
Most of the common activities in our daily life present an opportunity to negotiate, whether or not we realise it. Meta-reflecting upon my negotiation experiences during the class and other activities have led me to identify few common themes. In this assignment, the two themes I will be discussing are (1) the importance of being clear on the strategic intent and big picture thinking, and (2) the importance of managing the negotiation process through understanding the various phases and visualising negotiation as a train journey.
A network can be based on either a peer-to-peer level or server-based, also referred to as domain-based. To distinguish the difference, a peer-to-peer network, also known as a workgroup, is a network in which a group of computers are connected together to share resources, such as files, applications, or peripherals. The computers in a peer-to-peer network are peers to one another, meaning no single computer has control over one another. There is also no central location for users to access resources, which means that each individual computer must share their files in order for other computers to have access (Muller, 2003, p.411). “In a peer-to-peer environment, access rights are governed by setting sharing permissions on individual machines.” (Cope, 2002) On the other hand, in a domain-based network, the computers connected together are either servers or clients. All of the other computers connected to the network are called client computers. The server is a dedicated machine that acts as a central location for users to share and access resources. The server controls the level of authority each user has to the shared resources. When logging on to the network, users on client machines are authenticated by the server, based on a user name and password (Lowe, 2004, p.13).
Negotiations and back-room dealings happen in any possible setting at any possible moment. Regardless of whether a bargain is two people negotiating a business deal, eighty people silently weighing the pros and cons of drawing attention to themselves, or one single person unconsciously deciding to give up individuality to wrest some semblance of power from the system, a choice is being made between various options.
In the negotiation for the Federated Science Fund I represented the Stockman Company. The meeting started with a caucus between Turbo and I which set the tone for the negotiation. In the five-minute caucus, we understood that we get the highest payoff by working together and decided to only form a deal with United if it benefited us. This was the main turning point in the negotiation as we returned to United with only high-ball offers: we opened with $220,000 each for Stockman and Turbo, and went only as low as $200,000 each, with $80,000 for United. United presented counter offers throughout, but all of them were below our $200,000 reservation point. Even though United continuously demanded a more inclusive deal, we saw no real benefit and made a deal by splitting $440,000 evenly.
As the internet is becoming faster and faster, an operating system (OS) is needed to manage the data in computers. An Operating system can be considered to be a set of programed codes that are created to control hardware such as computers. In 1985 Windows was established as an operating system and a year earlier Mac OS was established, and they have dominated the market of the computer programs since that time. Although, many companies have provided other operating systems, most users still prefer Mac as the most secured system and windows as it provides more multiple functions. This essay will demonstrate the differences between windows
Wireless local area networks (WLANs) have the potential to improve the flexibility, productivity, and the quality of work life of an enterprise (Sage Research Staff, 2001). Berean Institute is a typical two year college with about a staff of sixty eight employees and 250 students per semester. Berean teaches cosmetology, barbering and the latest software and hardware technology, which is located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Berean currently has two locations in the Philadelphia area and using a Local Area Network (LAN).
In most cases cable or DSL companies such as Comcast or DirectPC are just a single type of Internet connection company. But sometimes companies acquire these one-connection companies to make their companies bigger and better such as AOL buying Time Warner. As these companies get bigger and start to offer more types of connections they also start to have more security conflicts. AOL’s software for its dial up connection has a firewall built in to it, the firewall protects it users from hackers and unwanted programs from running. And the software works almost perfectly for keeping unwanted people or programs out, but the only catch is you have use their software. Road Runner, which is now part of AOL, is a cable company, which only provides high-speed Internet access, not full proof security. This problem leaves you open for hackers that are randomly barraging Internet connected PC’s with “pings” or “port scans”, probing to find unprotected PCs. Once found, a hacker can compromise your PC with a dangerous Internet threat such as a Trojan horse, spyware or even a malicious worm (Zone Labs).
Perhaps the most redundant, fault-tolerant of all network topologies is the mesh LAN. Each node is connected to every other node for a true point-to-point connection between every device on the network.
technologies such as Bluetooth and ZigBee which are used to carry the information from perception devices to a nearby gateway based on the capabilities of the communicating parties. Internet technologies such as WiFi, 2G, 3G, and 4G carry the information over long distances based on the application. Since applications aim to create smart homes, smart cities, power system monitoring etc.
LANs systems can be defined and connected in many different ways. This is the reason for the standardization for every one can have a common ground to start from. “The LANs described Herein are distinguished from other types of data networks in that they are optimized for a moderate size geographic area such as a single office building, warehouse, or a campus. The IEEE 802 LAN is a shared medium peer-to-peer communications network that broadcasts information for all stations to receive. As a consequence, it does not inherently provide privacy. The LAN enables stations to communicate directly using a common physical medium on a point-to-point basis without any intermediate switching node being required. There is always need for an access sublayer in order to arbitrate to access to the shared medium. The network is generally owned, used, and operated by a single organization. This is in contrast to Wide Area Networks (WANs) that interconnect communication facilities in different parts of a country or are used as a public utility. These LANs are also different from networks, such as backplane buses, that are optimized for the interconnection of devices on a desk top or components within a single piece of equipment.”(IEEE 802 Standard 1990) That is the standard definition for LANs by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer committee 802. They are the committee used to set the standard in workmanship and operations for technicians that set-up and perform maintenance on LANs systems. And through all the technical words what they are trying to say is a LAN is a small area network that distributes information among computer in a small work environment unlike WANs that distribute information across global areas.
Introduction: This is a 21th century, technology is the most important and improved thing of the human life. It makes life easier and faster. Development of faster sophisticated technology we have better and fast life. So all we are connect each other by computer network. There are two different way of network: Wired and wireless. Now day we can found network almost everywhere. Home, business, public place, Airport, Planes, hospitals, school, train everywhere we can found networking. Therefore, almost every sector of the economy that has affected by wired and wireless technology. Wired network and wireless protect both has security, But in general wireless network is less secure than wired networks. For proper security AP (access point) and its antenna should be right position. Also add a wireless access point or use a wireless router we can connect to network wirelessly. AS we using more and more of devices (smart phones, tablet and computers) rely on wireless networking, we have to improve our network security too.
Short for Simple Network Management Protocol, a set of protocols for managing complex networks. The first versions of SNMP were developed in the early 80s. SNMP works by sending messages, called protocol data units (PDUs), to different parts of a network. SNMP-compliant devices, called agents, store data about themselves in Management Information Bases (MIBs) and return this data to the SNMP requesters.