Levels of Processing Theory
Depth of Analysis
Craik and Lockhart believed that depth is a critical concept for
levels of processing theory.
* The depth of processing of a stimulus has a substantial effect on
its memorability, i.e. how well it is remembered.
* Deeper levels of analysis produce more elaborate, longer lasting
and stronger memory traces than do shallow levels of analysis.
Craik (1973) defined depth as "the meaningfulness extracted from the
stimulus rather than in terms of the number of analyses performed upon
it". Rehearsal or repetition is not a form of deep processing because
it only involves a repeated "number of analyses", and not and
extraction of meaningfulness.
Craik and Tulving used semantic processing to represent deep
processing and the physical analysis to represent shallower
processing. As the theory would predict, participants remembered those
words that were deeply processed better than those processed
shallowly. The findings of Hyde and Jenkins (1973) also support this
theory.
Elaboration
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Craik and Tulving's study also looked at how the elaboration of
processing can lead to a greater recall. In a further experiment, the
participants were presented on each trial with a word and a sentence
containing a blank. They were then asked to decide whether the word
fitted into the uncompleted question. Recall was twice as high for
words accompanying complex sentences, suggesting that elaboration
benefits long term memory. There is a difference between elaboration
as in the complexity of the sentence, and the time spent on the task,
as in the phonemic proces...
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...ken at the very moment of the event and every detail
indelibly printed in memory. The emotional nature of such events
contributes to the way in which they are stored in memory. Brown and
Kulik suggested that flashbulb memories were distinctive because they
are both enduring and accurate. The concept of flashbulb memories
seems to contradict the notion that through processing in short term
store is needed for good long term memory, and to support the idea
that distinctiveness and emotional factors are important in memory.
Brown and Kulik suggested that a special neural mechanism might have
been responsible for flash bulb memories. Other psychologists have
suggested that flashbulb memories are so memorable because they are
repeated so often, on occasions when people recall these emotionally
significant lifetime events.
Similarly, even when an individual’s attention is supposedly devoted to a target item, subsequent memory can suffer when the initial coding of the item takes place at shallow level. This effect has been suggested in studies examining the “depth of processing effect” (Cr...
In this essay I will argue that Rosenthal's Higher Order Thought Theory provides a possible account of conscious awareness, in doing so addresses and gets to solve the mind-body problem for that particular mental phenomenon.
The Effects of Levels of Processing on Memory PB1: Identify the aim of the research and state the experimental/alternative hypothesis/es. (credited in the report mark scheme) To show how different levels of processing affects the memory. “People who process information deeply (i.e. semantic processing) tend to remember more than those who process information shallowly (i.e. visual processing). ” PB2: Explain why a directional or non-directional experimental/alternative hypothesis/es has been selected. (I mark) I have used a directional experimental hypothesis because past research, such as that by Craik and Tulving (1975) has proved this. PB3:
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